1-Propanol
From Freepedia
| 1-Propanol | |
|---|---|
| Image:Propan1ol.png | |
| General | |
| Systematic name | Propan-1-ol |
| Other names | 1-Propanol, n-Propanol n-Propyl alcohol Propanol |
| Molecular formula | C3H8O |
| SMILES | CCCO |
| Molar mass | 60.09 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear, colourless liquid |
| CAS number | [71-23-8] |
| Properties | |
| Density and phase | 0.8034 g/cm3, liquid |
| Solubility in water | Fully miscible |
| All common solvents: | Fully miscible |
| Melting point | −126.5 °C (146.7 K) |
| Boiling point | 97.1 °C (370.3 K) |
| Acidity (pKa) | (~16) |
| Viscosity | 2.26 cP at ?°C |
| Dipole moment | 1.68 D |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| Main hazards | Highly flammable |
| Flash point | 15 °C |
| R/S statement | R: 11-41-67 S: 7-16-24-26-39 |
| RTECS number | UH8225000 |
| Supplementary data page | |
| Structure and properties | n, εr, etc. |
| Thermodynamic data | Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas |
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS |
| Related compounds | |
| Related alcohols | Propan-2-ol, Ethanol Butan-1-ol, Allyl alcohol |
| Related compounds | Propionaldehyde Propionic acid 1-Chloropropane Propyl acetate |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references | |
Propan-1-ol is is a primary alcohol with the formula CH3CH2CH2OH. It is also known as 1-propanol, 1-propyl alcohol n-propyl alcohol, or simply propanol. It is used as a solvent in the pharmaceutical industry, and for resins and cellulose esters. It is formed naturally in small amounts during many fermentation processes.
Contents |
Chemical properties
1-Propanol shows the normal reactions of a primary alcohol. Thus it can be converted to alkyl halides; for example red phosphorus and iodine produce 1-iodopropane in 90% yield, while PCl3 with catalytic ZnCl2 gives 1-bromopropane. Reaction with acetic acid in the presence of an H2SO4 catalyst under Fischer esterification conditions gives propyl acetate, while refluxing propanol overnight with formic acid alone can produce propyl formate in 65% yield. Oxidation of propan-1-ol with Na2Cr2O7 and H2SO4 gives only a 36% yield of propionaldehyde, and therefore for this type of reaction higher yielding methods using PCC or the Swern oxidation are recommended. Oxidation with chromic acid yields propionic acid
Preparation
Propan-1-ol is a major constituent of fusel oil, a by-product formed from certain amino acids when potatoes or grains are fermented to produce ethanol. This is no longer a significant source of the material.
Propan-1-ol is manufactured by catalytic hydrogenation of propionaldehyde. The propionaldehyde is itself produced via the oxo process, by hydroformylation of ethylene using carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as cobalt octacarbonyl or a rhodium complex.
- (1) H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 → CH3CH2CH=O
- (2) CH3CH2CH=O + H2 → CH3CH2CH2OH
A traditional laboratory preparation of propan-1-ol involves treating 1-iodopropane with moist Ag2O.
History
Propan-1-ol was discovered in 1853 by Chancel, who obtained it by fractional distillation of fusel oil.
References
- B. S. Furnell et al., Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th edition, Longman/Wiley, New York, 1989.
- Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
- The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960.
- W. H. Perkin, F. S. Kipping, Organic Chemistry, W. & R. Chambers, Ltd., London, 1922.
