Alexis de Tocqueville
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For other uses, see Tocqueville (disambiguation)
Alexis-Charles-Henri Clérel de Tocqueville (b. July 29, 1805 – April 16, 1859) was a French political thinker and historian. His most famous works are Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). He championed liberty and democracy. Alexis de Tocqueville once observed that it is easier for the world to accept a simple lie than a complex truth.
He was born in Verneuil-sur-Seine (Île-de-France) and died in Cannes. His work based on his travels in the United States, Democracy in America, is frequently used in courses in 19th century United States history. His advocacy of private charity rather than government aid to assist the poor has often been cited admiringly by conservatives and classical liberals, particularly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
Tocqueville is a major observer and philosopher of democracy, which he saw as an equation that balanced liberty and equality, concern for the individual as well as the community. He thought that extreme social equality would lead to isolation, more intervention by the government and thus less liberty. Alexis de Tocqueville thought that association, the coming together of people for common purpose, would bind Americans to an idea of nation larger than selfish desires. This phenomenon is called civil society. He accurately predicted that democracy would increase and eventually extend its rights and privileges to women, Natives, and Africans. He is thus also a political progressive, concerned with improving the lives of all citizens.
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Works
- Du système pénitentaire aux États-Unis et de son application en France (1833)—Translated into English as On the Penitentiary System in the United States and Its Application to France.
- De la démocratie (1835 and 1840)—The title literally translates as On Democracy, but the common translation of the title in English is Democracy in America. It was published in two volumes, the first in 1835, the second in 1840. It is Tocqueville's most famous work.
- L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution (1856)—The English title is The Old Regime and the Revolution. It is Tocqueville's second most famous work.
- Recollections (1893)—This work was a private journal of the Revolution of 1848. He never intended to publish this; instead his son did in 1893 several decades after his death.
- Journey to America (1831 – 1832)—Alexis de Tocqueville's travel diary of his visit to America; translated into English by George Lawrence, edited by J. P. Mayer, Yale University Press, 1960; based on vol. V, 1 of the Œuvres Complètes of Tocqueville.
Quotations
- "We are sleeping on a volcano... A wind of revolution blows, the storm is on the horizon." (Speaking in the Chamber of Deputies, 1848, just prior to to outbreak of revolution in Europe)
- "Democracy and socialism have nothing in common but one word, equality. But notice the difference: while democracy seeks equality in liberty, socialism seeks equality in restraint and servitude."
- "There are at the present time two great nations in the world—I allude to the Russians and the Americans—All other nations seem to have nearly reached their national limits, and have only to maintain their power; these alone are proceeding—along a path to which no limit can be perceived."
- "Mahommed professed to derive from Heaven, and he has inserted in the Koran, not only a body of religious doctrines, but political maxims, civil and criminal laws, and theories of science. The gospel, on the contrary, only speaks of the general relations of men to God and to each other - beyond which it inculcates and imposes no point of faith. This alone, besides a thousand other reasons, would suffice to prove that the former of these religions will never long predominate in a cultivated and democratic age, whilst the latter is destined to retain its sway at these as at all other periods."
- "The American Republic will endure, until politicians realize they can bribe the people with their own money."
- "They (the emperors) frequently abused their power arbitrarily to deprive their subjects of property or of life: their tyranny was extremely onerous to the few, but it did not reach the greater number; .. But it would seem that if despotism were to be established amongst the democratic nations of our days it might assume a different character; it would be more extensive and more mild, it would degrade men without tormenting them"
- "The man who asks of freedom anything other than itself is born to be a slave."
- "When America ceases to be good, America will cease to be great." (considered by some to be falsely attributed to him)
- "Americans are so enamoured of equality they would rather be equal in slavery than unequal in freedom."
- "The French constitute the most brilliant and the most dangerous nation in Europe and the best qualified in turn to become an object of admiration, hatred, pity or terror but never indifference."
- "A weak government is threatened most when it begins to reform."
- "The principal cause of disparities in the fortunes of men is intelligence."
See also
- Alexis de Tocqueville Institution, a think tank named after De Tocqueville
- Civil society
- Classical liberalism
- Liberalism
- Contributions to liberal theory
- List of historians of the French Revolution
External links
- Democracy in America Hypertext of Alexis DeTocqueville's DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA with a gallery of related projects describing America ca. 1820-1840.
- In Search of Tocqueville's Democracy in America Information and resources about Alexis de Tocqueville.
- ClassicNotes: Alexis de Tocqueville Biography of Alexis de Tocqueville written by Harvard students.
- Great Books Index - Alexis de Tocqueville Links to Information About Alexis de Tocqueville
| Preceded by: Jean-Gérard Lacuée de Cessac | Seat 18 Académie française | Succeeded by: Henri Lacordaire |
Categories: 1805 births | 1859 deaths | Historians of the French Revolution | French historians | French nobility | Members of the Académie française
