Battle of Swally
From Freepedia
The naval Battle of Swally took place on 29-30 November 1612 off the coast of Suvali (anglicised to Swally), a village near the city of Surat, Gujarat, India, and was a victory for four British East India Company ships over four Portuguese galleons and 26 frigates (rowing vessels with no armament).
| Battle of Swally | |
|---|---|
| Conflict: Tenth British voyage to India | |
| Date: 29-30 November, 1612 | |
| Place: Suvali, Surat, India | |
| Outcome: Victory for British East India Company | |
| Combatants | |
| British East India Company | Kingdom of Portugal |
| Commanders | |
| Captain Thomas Best | Unknown |
| Strength | |
| Four ships | Four galleons, 26 frigates |
| Casualties | |
| 3 dead, 1 injured | 160-300 dead |
Contents |
Importance
This relatively small naval battle is viewed as important because it marked the beginning of the end of Portuguese naval dominance in India, and marked the ascent of the British East India Company's presence in India.
This battle also convinced the British East India Company to establish a small navy to safeguard their commercial interests from other European powers and also from pirates. This small beginning was the root of the modern Indian Navy. Among the pirates that the British were trying to control was the Maratha Admiral Sarkhel Kanhoji Angre
The background to this battle also points to the reason for the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie being formed in 1602.
Background
This battle was the result of the dominance of the Portuguese over trade with India in the late-15th and 16th centuries. Two British ventures, The Company of Merchant Adventurers (established 1551) which morphed into the Muscovy Company in 1555, and the John Company, also known as British East India Company (established 1600) were desperately attempting to find routes to the East Indies.
The following three individuals played a key part in the events leading up to this batte:
Ralph Fitch
The Portuguese guarded their new found routes to Asia very well. During July, 1583 a British merchant, Ralph Fitch was arrested for spying at Ormuz (now the Iranian port of Hormuz). He was on a voyage from Syria to the Indian ocean in his ship,Tiger, via modern Iraq using the Euphrates river. Ralph was presented before the Portuguese Viceroy in Goa where he was placed under arrrest. He was released on the surety provided by Jesuit priests, but escaped from Goa and wandered around India for the next decade. He returned to England in 1591, and became a valuable consultant for the John Company.
Jan Huyghens van Linschoten
Jan Huyghens van Linschoten (1563-1611) was a Dutch Protestant traveller and historian who also served as the Portuguese Viceroy's secretary in Goa between 1583 and 1588. He returned to Holland in 1592. He published a book, Itinerario in 1596 (later published as an English edition as Discours of Voyages into Y East & West Indies) which graphically displayed for the first time in Europe, detailed maps of voyage to the East Indies, particularly India. During his stay in Goa, abusing the trust put in him by the Viceroy, Jan Huyghens meticulously copied the top-secret maps page-by-page. Even more crucially, Jan Huyghens provided nautical data like currents, deeps, islands and sandbanks, which was absolutely vital for safe navigation, along with coastal depictions to guide the way.
His publications were also responsible for the establishment of the Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie in 1602 to unify Dutch efforts at trade with Asia.
Captain William Hawkins, First envoy
Captain Hawkins led the first voyage of the British East India Company to India and sailed into the Gujarat port of Surat on 24 August, 1608. He had with him 25,000 pieces of gold and a personal letter to the Mughal Emperor Jehangir (sometimes spelt incorrectly as Cehangir or Ichan Guire) from King James I seeking trade concessions. He persisted for over two years, however the Jesuits Portuguese pirates stole his gold, and tried several times to murder him while on shore. He returned to England empty-handed.
The next envoy, Paul Canning, lasted only a few months.
Tenth voyage
The initial voyages of the British East India Company were not necessarily to India. Each voyage was almost a venture in itself, seperately funded by issuance of subscription stock. An eighth voyage was led in 1611 by Captain John Saris to Japan. The ninth voyage (Feb. 1612 - Aug. 1615) was to India and Sumatra.
The tenth voyage (1612-1614) on behalf of the British East India Company was led by Captain Thomas Best. It set out from Gravesend on February 1 1612 passing via the present day Trinidad, then Daman on September 3 1612 eventually reaching Surat on September 5, 1612. Surat was the principal port for the Mughals, and was situated at the mouth of the river Tapti.
Battle
Coincidentally, on September 13 1612 a squadron of 16 Portuguese frigates or barks sailed into Surat. On September 22 1612 Captain Best decided to send an emissary to the Emperor asking for permission to trade and settle a factory at Surat. If refused he planned to quit the country [1]. This may have been partly due to the fact that King James I had extended the Company's charter in 1609 on the basis that it would be cancelled, if no profitable ventures were concluded within three years.
On September 30 1612 Captain Best got news that two of his men, Mr Canning (the purser) and William Chambers were arrested while on shore. Fearing the worst, Captain Best detained a ship belonging to the Governor of Gujarat and offered to release it in exchange for his men.
On October 10 Captain Best and his ships sailed to Swally, a small town about 12 miles North of Surat. This may have been because the Governor (Sardar Khan?) was battling a Rajput rebellion at a fort situated in the town. Between 17-21st of October, amidst negotiations he managed to obtain a treaty with the Governor allowing trading privileges, subject to ratification by the Emperor.
On November 27, Captain Best was advised by his men on shore that a fleet of four Portuguese ships was sailing up to attack him.
The Portuguese ships (four great galleons and some twenty-six frigates, or armed barks) arrived on the 28th, and anchored outside the town putting the English between them and the town.
A light encounter took place between the two navies on the 29th without much damage.
At daylight on the 30th of November, Captain Best in Dragon sailed through the four larger Portuguese ships running three of them aground, and was joined by Hosiander on the other side. The Portuguese managed to get the three galleons afloat.
At 9pm that night in an attempt to set the English ships alight, a frigate was sent towards them as a fire ship. But the English watch was alert, and that frigate was sunk by shots with the loss of eighty lives.
A standoff remained until the 5th of December, when Captain Best sailed for the port of Diu. The English lost three men in the skirmish, and the Portuguese lost a ship and about 160 men, though some reports put the number at 300.
Tenth voyage continues
On the 6th of January, 1613 Captain Best received a letter from the Emperor ratifying the treaty, which was presented by the Governor. Captain Best then ordered one of his men, Anthony Starkey, on January 16 to leave for England, via land, carrying letters of their success. Mr Starkey was later poisoned by two friars.
Captain Best then continued on to Ceylon on 18 January, and then onwards to Sumatra, before returning to England around April 1614 without returning to India.
Impact on Mughals
This event sufficiently impressed the Sardar (Governor) of Gujarat, who reported it to the Emperor. Thereafter the Emperor was more favourable towards the English than the Portuguese. Another factor that may have influenced him was that the Portuguese were very anti-Islam, and often harrassed Mecca bound pilgrims along the West coast of India.
Vessels involved
British East India Company
- Dragon (Keeling?)
- Hosiander
- James
- Solomon
Most references to this battle mention only the first two ships. James and Solomon were also part of the eighth voyage.
Portugal
Four galleons and 26 frigates.
Swally
The exact present day location of the port of Swally is unknown. The Times of India in an article dated April 8, 2003 reported that the Department of Archaeology of the University of Cambridge along with the Gujarat Ecological Society are planning a project to identify the port. It is estimated that the port is close to the modern day village of Suvali, 15-20 km away from Surat.
Mr. R Sengupta, the Chief Project Co-ordinator (coastal and marine ecology) of GES advised that,"The port was constructed by the British as they found it protected both from sudden squalls and military attacks. Besides, the British found it convenient to use the place for their early trade with Surat as Swally was navigable in low tides. “There were several complications in using the ports at Surat as the French and the Portuguese also operated from there. The port was also better than those located in the mouth of river Tapti. The British did not allow anyone to use the port at Swally and used to charge duty for permission to do so” [2]
References
- Kerr, Robert (FRS. & FAS (Edin.)). A General History and Collection Of Voyages and Travels, MDCCCXXIV, Vol. IX., Pt. II, Book III, Ch. X, Section XVIII.
- Roe, Sir Thomas. The Journal of Sir Thomas Roe, Embassador from His Majesty King James the First of England to Ichan Guire, the Mighty Emperor of India, Commonly Called the Great Mogul; Containing an Account of His Voyage to that Country and His Observations There, London: Awnsham & John Churchill, 1704, First Edition. Quarto. 404 (757-812)pp
Additional reading
- Foster, William. The Voyage of Thomas Best to East Indies (1612-14), New Delhi:Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 1997
External links
- Single view van Linschoten map - depicts the early Portuguese Re-Supply Point of St Helena in the south Atlantic: In Latin, Insula D. Helena sacra coeli……….Baptista a Doetichum sculp]
- Robert Kerr's book at Project Gutenberg
