Black-eyed pea
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| Vigna unguiculata unguiculata |
The black-eyed pea, also called black-eyed bean, blackeye, lobiya or chawli, is a subspecies of the cowpea, grown for its medium-sized edible bean, pale-colored with a prominent black spot. Its currently accepted botanical name is Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, although previously it was classified in the genus Phaseolus. Vigna unguiculata subsp. dekindtiana is the wild relative and Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis is the related asparagus bean.
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History
Originally cultivated in Asia, and still grown for food in many countries there including India, as well as in Africa, the black-eyed pea was introduced into the West Indies and from there to the U.S. Southern states, where it is still often used in soul food and Southern U.S. cuisine. The crop was promoted by George Washington Carver, both for its nutritional value and because, as a legume, it added nitrogen to the soil.
Culture
The heat-loving crop is seeded after the danger of frost is past and the soil is warm. Sandy loam is preferred, but at least the soil should be well-drained, as the plants cannot stand excessive water. They are also known as a drought-tolerant crop.
The crop is relatively free of pests and disease. Root-knot nematodes can be a problem, especially if crops are not rotated. As a nitrogen fixing legume, fertilization can exclude nitrogen.
The blossoms are heavy nectar producers and significant areas can be a source of honey. Because the bloom attracts a variety of pollinators care must be taken in the application of insecticides to avoid label violations
Traditional use
On New Year's Day in the American South, a traditional dish called "hoppin' john" is served, made of peas cooked with rice, pork (such as hog jowls, fatback, neckbone, or hock), and seasonings. It is supposed to bring good luck and also financial enrichment. The peas stand for the coins, while collard or mustard greens that are served with hoppin' john symbolize paper money. Corn bread also usually accompanies this meal.
Nutritionally, black-eyed peas are regarded as an excellent source of Calcium (211mg in a 1 cup serving), Folate (209mcg), and Vitamin A (1,305 IU).
References
- ITIS 27018
- [1] USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) Online Database . National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. (16 July 2005)
- [2] Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995 - 2020, Sorting Vigna Names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database (M.M.P.N.D) - A Work in Progress. School of Agriculture and Food Systems. Faculty of Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. Australia. (2005).
