Body language
From Freepedia
- For other uses, see Body language (disambiguation).
Body language is a broad term for several forms of communication using body movements or gestures, instead of, or as a complement to, sounds, verbal language, or other forms of communication. In turn, it is one category of paralanguage, which describes all forms of human communication that are not language.
Paralanguage including body language has been extensively studied in social psychology. In everyday speech and popular psychology, the term is most often applied to body language that is thought to be involuntary, but in fact the distinction between voluntary and involuntary body language is often blurred: a smile or a wave may be given either voluntarily or involuntarily, for example.
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Voluntary body language
This is less commonly discussed because it seems unproblematic: it refers to movement, gestures and poses intentionally made by the person (smiling, hands, imitating actions), and generally making movements with full or partial intention of making them and a realisation of what they communicate. It can apply to many types of soundless communication, such as formalized gestures.
Involuntary body language
Facial expressions are often a form of involuntary body language, and a means for one to 'read' the expressions — and so emotions — of another.
Origins of body language
The relation of body language to animal communication has often been discussed. Human paralanguage may represent a continuation of forms of communication that our non-linguistic ancestors already used, or it may be that it has been changed by co-existing with language. Some species of animals are especially adept at detecting human body language, both voluntary and involuntary: this is the basis of the Clever Hans effect (a source of artifact in comparative psychology), and was also the reason for trying to teach the chimpanzee Washoe American Sign Language rather than speech — and perhaps the reason why the Washoe project was more successful than some previous efforts to teach apes how to dance.
Body language is a product of both genetic and environmental influences. Blind children will smile and laugh even though they have never seen a smile. The ethologist Iraneus Eibl-Eibesfeldt claimed that a number of basic elements of body language were universal across cultures and must therefore be fixed action patterns under instinctive control. Some forms of human body language show continuities with communicative gestures of other apes, though often with changes in meaning. More refined gestures, which vary between cultures (for example the gestures to indicate "yes" and "no"), must obviously be learned or modified through learning, usually by unconscious observation of the environment.
The importance of body language in groups
When one thinks of body language one typically thinks of one-to-one communication. There are indications that body language may be even more important in group communications. In a group each person has an open body language channel to all other people in a group while speaking is typically limited to one person at a time. In other words, the larger the group, the more body language starts to dominate.
Examples
Showing one's palms to the listeners may mean openness and honesty, hiding the palms may mean deceit. Moving the hands close to the mouth or touching the nose may also indicate deceit.
Pointing with a leg or knee towards another person may mean interest or acceptence of said person. Pointing your body away from the one you talk to means you would rather not be talking to the person and would rather move in the direction you are pointing.
Silence itself, can often be a form of paralanguage, and has a variety of interpretations, usually dependent on the individual. One interpretation, comprising of silence and looking at the floor or avoiding direct eye contact, often shows that a person is thinking about a problem that emotionally affects them. Not looking into the persons eyes, can also indicate deceit. this shows that you would rather be somewhere else than talking with them.
See also
- Proxemics
- Kinesics
- Gesture
- Facial expression
- Posture
- Eye contact
- Neuro-linguistic programming
- Koko
- Proteans
External links
- The Nonverbal Dictionary of Gestures, Signs and Body Language Cues
- The language everybody speaks
- Body Language Sequences - a web project of ultra-short films by Dr. Hugo Heyrman.
Reference
- Argyle, M. (1990). Bodily communication (2nd edition). New York: International Universities Press. ISBN 0823605515
- Eugen Tarnow (1997). Bodily language is of particular importance in large groups. http://cogprints.org/4444/
Categories: Sociology | Social philosophy | Social psychology | Human communication | Human body positions
