Bonus Army

From Freepedia

(Redirected from Bonus Expeditionary Force)

Image:Evictbonusarmy.jpg The Bonus Army or Bonus March or Bonus Expeditionary Force was an assemblage of about 20,000 World War I veterans, their families, and other affiliated groups, who demonstrated in Washington, D.C. during the spring and summer of 1932 seeking immediate payment of a "bonus" granted by the Adjusted Service Certificate Law of 1924 for payment in 1945. They were led by Walter W. Waters, a former Army sergeant, and encouraged by an appearance from retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler, one of the most popular military figures of the time.

1 Arrival in Washington
2 Intervention of the military
3 See also
4 References
5 Further reading
6 External links

Arrival in Washington

The Bonus Army massed at the United States Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate considered the Patman Bonus Bill, which would give World War I veterans certain benefits. Most of the Bonus Army camped in makeshift camps (similar to Hoovervilles) on the Anacostia Flats, a swampy, muddy area across the Anacostia River from the federal core of Washington. The protesters had hoped that they could pressure Congress to change the law and make immediate payments, which would have provided relief for the marchers, many of whom were unemployed due to the Great Depression. The bill had passed the House of Representatives on June 15, but was blocked in the Senate.

After the defeat of the bill, Congress appropriated funds to pay for the marchers' return home, which some marchers accepted. On July 28, Washington police attempted to remove some remaining Bonus Army protesters from a federal site where construction was scheduled to proceed under the government's public works program. After a police officer accidentally fatally shot two veterans, the protesters assaulted the police with blunt weapons, wounding several of them. After the police retreated, the District of Columbia commissioners informed President Herbert Hoover that they could no longer maintain the peace, whereupon Hoover ordered federal troops to remove the marchers from the general area.

Intervention of the military

The marchers were cleared and their camps were destroyed by federal cavalry troops under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, in a probable violation of the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878. Dwight D. Eisenhower, as a member of MacArthur's staff, had strong reservations about the operation, and George Patton was also ordered to take part in the operation. Troops with rifles and tear gas were sent into the Bonus Army's camps. President Hoover did not want the army to march across the Anacostia River into the protesters' largest encampment, but Douglas MacArthur felt this was a communist attempt to overthrow the government. Hundreds of veterans were injured, several were killed, including William Hushka and Eric Carlson, a wife of a veteran miscarried, and other such casualties were inflicted.

By the end of the route: Two veterans had been shot and killed. An 11 week old baby was in critical condition resulting from shock by gas exposure. Two infants had died from gas asphyxiation. An 11 year old boy was partially blinded by the gas. One bystander was shot in the shoulder. One veteran's ear severed by a Calvary saber. One veteran was stabbed in the hip with a bayonet. At least twelve police were injured by the veterans. And over 1,000 men, women, and children were exposed to the tear gas, including police, reporters, residents of Washington DC, and ambulance drivers.

The army burned down the Bonus Army's tents and shacks, although some reports claim that to spite the government, which had provided much of the shelter in the camp, some veterans torched their own camp dwellings before the troops could set upon the camp. Reports of U.S. soldiers marching against their peers did not help Hoover's re-election efforts; neither did his open opposition to the Bonus Bill due to financial concerns. After the inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933, some of the Bonus Army regrouped in Washington to restate its claims to the new president. Ironically, Roosevelt also rejected the Bonus Army's claims until near the end of his presidency. At the end of World War II, the government avoided a similar conflict with veterans by enacting the G.I. Bill of Rights.

References

{{{Author|}}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1| (1984)}}{{{{{Year|}}}}}}|show1|.}} {{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|[{{{URL}}}}} An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|]}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|, {{{Pages}}}}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|Show1|, Simon and Schuster}}. {{{ID|}}}
{{{Author|}}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1| (1979)}}{{{{{Year|}}}}}}|show1|.}} {{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|[{{{URL}}}}} Herbert Hoover: A Public Life{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|]}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|, {{{Pages}}}}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|Show1|, Alfred A. Knopf}}. {{{ID|}}}
{{{Author|}}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1| (1963)}}{{{{{Year|}}}}}}|show1|.}} {{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|[{{{URL}}}}} Front-Line General: Douglas MacArthur{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|]}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|, {{{Pages}}}}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|Show1|, Julian Messner, Inc.}}. {{{ID|}}}
{{{Author|}}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1| (1970)}}{{{{{Year|}}}}}}|show1|.}} {{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|[{{{URL}}}}} The Years of MacArthur, Volume I, 1880-1941{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|]}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|, {{{Pages}}}}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|Show1|, Houghton Mifflin Company}}. {{{ID|}}}
{{{Author|}}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1| (1973)}}{{{{{Year|}}}}}}|show1|.}} {{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|[{{{URL}}}}} The Plot to Seize the White House{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|]}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|show1|, {{{Pages}}}}}{{|{{{3}}}}}}|Show1|, Hawthorn Books, Inc.}}. {{{ID|}}}