Book of Mormon

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The Book of Mormon is one of four sacred texts of Mormonism, first published by Joseph Smith, Jr. in March 1830 in Palmyra, New York. The book's self-declared main purpose is to testify of Jesus Christ, through the writings of ancient prophets of the Western Hemisphere. It asserts that it was abridged and compiled by the prophet Mormon and his son Moroni in the 4th century, for "the convincing of the Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ, the Eternal God." Joseph Smith claimed to have translated the record by divine inspiration with assistance from the Urim and Thummim.

Along with the Bible, which is also held to be the Word of God, the Book of Mormon is esteemed as part of the canon of numerous churches that grew out of the Latter Day Saint movement, founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. The largest of these denominations, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), accepts the Bible "as far as it is translated correctly" (Articles of Faith), as well as the Book of Mormon, the Pearl of Great Price, and the Doctrine and Covenants as canonical scripture.

Contents

Content

Organization

The format of The Book of Mormon is similar to the Bible, with separate books written by different authors who recorded the interactions of God with people. Generally the book is composed of the following books, though editorial divisions in different churches' editions vary:

The book's sequence is primarily chronological. Notable exceptions include the "Words of Mormon," which is an editorial insertion (authored by Mormon), and the "Book of Ether," which is an abridgement by Moroni of an earlier civilization's record. The books of First Nephi through Omni are first-person narratives, as are Mormon and Moroni. The remainder of the Book of Mormon is a third-person historical narrative, compiled and abridged by Mormon.

In the version published by the LDS Church ("The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ"), the book also contains a title page (written by Mormon and Moroni), a modern day introduction written by church leaders, the "Testimony of Three Witnesses," the "Testimony of Eight Witnesses," the "Testimony of the Prophet Joseph Smith" concerning the Book of Mormon, "A brief explanation about the Book of Mormon," chapter headings written by Apostle Bruce R. McConkie, a "pronouncing guide" to names and places, footnotes and cross-references to the Bible, and an index.

Investigation of the book

The book makes reference to its own personal investigation on the part of the reader. This can be found in the 10th chapter of Moroni, verses 3-5:

"Behold, I would exhort you that when ye shall read these things, if it be wisdom in God that ye should read them, that ye would remember how merciful the Lord hath been unto the children of men, from the creation of Adam even down until the time that ye shall receive these things, and ponder it in your hearts.
"And when ye shall receive these things, I would exhort you that ye would ask God, the Eternal Father, in the name of Christ, if these things are not true; and if ye shall ask with a sincere heart, with real intent, having faith in Christ, he will manifest the truth of it unto you, by the power of the Holy Ghost.
"And by the power of the Holy Ghost ye may know the truth of all things."

One assumption upheld by some proponents of the Book of Mormon is that a single positive spiritual experience associated with sincere prayer is an affirmation from God that the book is what it claims it is; others believe such a confirmation may occur gradually over a period of time, with no specific experience or event. For a more thorough investigation into this technique for gaining knowledge, see Epistemology.

Title Page

The title page, translated from the last of the golden plates, states:

"The Book of Mormon - an account written by the hand of Mormon upon plates taken from the Plates of Nephi
"Wherefore, it is an abridgment of the record of the people of Nephi, and also of the Lamanites — Written to the Lamanites, who are a remnant of the house of Israel; and also to Jew and Gentile — Written by way of commandment, and also by the spirit of prophecy and of revelation — Written and sealed up, and hid up unto the Lord, that they might not be destroyed — To come forth by the gift and power of God unto the interpretation thereof — Sealed by the hand of Moroni, and hid up unto the Lord, to come forth in due time by way of the Gentile — The interpretation thereof by the gift of God.
"An abridgment taken from the Book of Ether also, which is a record of the people of Jared, who were scattered at the time the Lord confounded the language of the people, when they were building a tower to get to heaven — Which is to show unto the remnant of the House of Israel what great things the Lord hath done for their fathers; and that they may know the covenants of the Lord, that they are not cast off forever — And also to the convincing of the Jew and Gentile that JESUS is the CHRIST, the ETERNAL GOD, manifesting himself unto all nations — And now, if there are faults they are the mistakes of men; wherefore, condemn not the things of God, that ye may be found spotless at the judgment-seat of Christ."

Brief narrative summary

The dates and people in the following summary are things the Book of Mormon claims are historical. As with all sacred texts, those who are not adherents or followers view the text to be a work of fiction.

  • 1 Nephi begins in ancient Jerusalem around 600 BC, at roughly the same time as the Book of Jeremiah in the Bible. It tells the story of a prophet, Lehi, his family, and several others as they are led by God from Jerusalem, across the Arabian peninsula, and then to the Americas by ship. The books from 1 Nephi to Omni recount the group's dealings from approximately 600 BC to about 130 BC, in which the community splits into two main groups, the Nephites and the Lamanites, and grow into separate sizeable civilizations that war with each other.
  • The Words of Mormon, written in AD 385 by Mormon, is a short introduction to the books of Mosiah, Alma, Helaman, 3 Nephi, and 4 Nephi, all of which he abridged from a large quantity of existing records that detailed his nation's history from the time of Omni to his own life.
  • 3 Nephi is of particular importance because it contains an account of the resurrected and glorified Jesus's visit to the Americas, sometime after his 40-day ministry and ascension into heaven at Jerusalem. During his American ministry, Christ repeated much of the same instruction given in the Gospels of the Bible and established an enlightened, peaceful society which endures several generations.
  • Mormon is an account of the events during Mormon's life, after the enlightened society of 3 Nephi and 4 Nephi deteriorated yet again into warring groups.
  • Ether is an abridgment by Moroni, written shortly after the death of Mormon, his father. The account describes a group of families, headed by a man named Jared and his unnamed brother, as it is led by God to the Americas. The Jaredite civilization existed on the American continent long before Lehi's family arrived in 600 BC, and it was much larger and more developed. Some have noticed that the rise and fall of the Jaredite empire seems to correspond with that of the Olmec.
  • Moroni details the final destruction of the Nephites and the idolatrous state of the remaining society. He adds a few spiritual insights and mentions some important doctrinal teachings, then closes with his testimony and an invitation to pray to God for a confirmation of the truthfulness of the account.

The book's major themes

Stated purposes

The purpose of The Book of Mormon, as stated on its original title page, "is to show the remnant of the House of Israel what great things the Lord has done for their fathers" and to convince "Jew and Gentile that Jesus is the Christ, the Eternal God, manifesting himself to all nations."

Another Witness of Christ

Every prophet in the Book of Mormon teaches about Jesus Christ. The crowning event of the Book of Mormon is the visitation of the resurrected Christ to the Nephites around 34 AD, shortly after his 40-day ministry in Jerusalem (3 Nephi 11-26).

An angel prophesied to Nephi that Jesus's birth would be 600 years from the time he and his family left Jerusalem (1 Nephi 10:4, 19:8; See 3 Nephi 1). Many prophets in the Book of Mormon, beginning with Lehi and Nephi, saw in visions the birth, ministry, and death of Christ in visions (1 Nephi 11), and were told his name. Mosiah 3:8). At the time of King Benjamin, the Nephites were called "the children of Christ" (Mosiah 5:7). The faithful members of the church at the time of Captain Moroni (73 BC) were called "Christians" by their enemies, because of their belief in Christ (Alma 46:13-15). For nearly 200 years after the Christ's appearance at the temple in the Americas, the land was filled with peace and prosperity because of the people's obedience to Christ's commandments (4 Nephi). The great prophet-general Mormon worked to convince the faithless people of his time of Christ (360 AD), and Moroni buried the plates with faith in Christ (See title page). Many others also bore witness to the reality of the Messiah.

Some doctrinal teachings

The following teachings are especially notable in The Book of Mormon:

  • Christ spoke to the Jews in Jerusalem of 'other sheep' (referring to other Hebrews, not Gentiles) who would hear his voice (see John 10:16), which the Book of Mormon explains meant that the Nephites and other remnants of the lost tribes of Israel throughout the world were to be visited by Christ after his resurrection. The various groups had their own prophets, and each recorded their history and dealings with God. These records will eventually be had among men, and will complement the Bible and Book of Mormon (3 Nephi 15:13-24, 3 Nephi 16:1-4, 2 Nephi 29:7-14).
  • The land of the Jaredites, Nephites, and Lamanites, which is the American continent, is choice above all other lands (1 Nephi 2:20; 13:30; 2 Nephi 1:5; 10:19; Jacob 5:43; Ether 1:38, 42; 2:7; 2:10-12, 15; 9:20; 10:28; 13:2).
  • "Inasmuch as ye keep [the Lord's] commandments, ye shall prosper in the land, but inasmuch as ye keep not my commandments, ye shall be cut off from my presence" (1 Nephi 2:20; 4:14; 2 Nephi 1:20; 4:4; Jarom 1:9; Omni 1:6; Mosiah 1:7; 2:22; 2:31; Alma 9:13; 36:1; 36:30; 37:13; 38:1; 48:15; 48:25; Helaman 3:20; 50:20; 3 Nephi 5:22).
  • All mankind must be born again, for the natural man is an enemy to God until he yields to the holy spirit and is born of Christ, being changed to a state of righteousness, becoming his son or daughter (Mosiah 3:19; 27:25; Alma 22:15-18; Moroni 10:34).
  • Between death and the resurrection the spirit returns to God and awaits the resurrection in either a place of rest or a place of darkness and torment. At the resurrection, the spirit and body shall be reunited, not one hair of the head shall be lost, and this resurrection shall come to all (Alma 11:42-45; 40:11-14, 23).
  • Giving to the poor (charity) is emphasized as a necessary aspect of living the gospel of Christ (2 Nephi 9:30; Mosiah 4:26).

Dominant narrative themes

The following narrative themes are especially consistent in The Book of Mormon:

  • The Pride Cycle. When God blesses his people most, they forget him in pride until by tribulation they are brought to humility and repentance, which brings the blessings of God. Pride of heart because of exceeding riches unto wearing costly apparel and despising the poor is a sure sign of wickedness (2 Nephi 26:20; 28:13; Jacob 2:13; Alma 1:6, 27, 32; 4:6-13; 5:53; 31:28; 32:2-3; Hel. 4:12; 6:39; 4 Nephi 1:24; Mormon 8:37).
  • The danger of secret combinations, organizations which meet secretly and use secret signs and oaths, committing crimes for personal gain. Notable examples include the Gadianton robbers in the Book of Helaman and the secret combination of Akish in the Book of Ether. Prevalent modern interpretations of this term include gangs, Mafia, and terrorists.
  • The scattering and gathering of Israel. Because the Nephites consider themselves a remnant of the House of Israel, a great many passages refer to its scattering and gathering; Nephi quotes heavily from Isaiah concerning the subject, too. Many of the prophecies in the book refer to the last days, when Israel will be gathered for one final time.
  • God's mercy to the faithful. Throughout the book, references to God's mercy in forgiving the sins of those who repent and honoring those who have faith in him is shown. Several narratives involve stories of people who give up their sinful lives and adopt the gospel. Other narratives show what lies in store for those who reject the prophets and teachers of the gospel. Many narratives show the kind of power God will exercise in behalf of those who believe in Him.
  • America as the promised land. The Book of Mormon portrays the Americas as a favorable, promised land, to which the Lord leads favored groups of people, including the Jaredites, the Mulekites, the Nephites, and early European colonists of the New World.

Origin of the Book of Mormon

See Linguistics and the Book of Mormon for additional information and analysis on authorship.

Joseph Smith's official account

According to Joseph Smith and his associates, the record comprising The Book of Mormon was found and translated as follows:

The original record was engraved on thin, malleable sheets of metal with the appearance of gold and bound with rings at one edge, much like a modern book. At the end of Moroni's ministry (around AD 421), he hid these gold plates along with several other artifacts in a stone box.
On September 22, 1823, Joseph Smith was directed by God through the angel Moroni to the place where the plates were stored. He was not immediately allowed to take them, but after four years was entrusted with them. Through the power of God he was able to translate the characters (supposedly related to 600 B.C. Egyptian with Hebrew influence (Mormon 9:32,34)) into English.
The heavy plates were assumed to be of gold, and were consequently much sought-after by some greedy individuals. Joseph Smith and his family reported many attempts by others to find and take the plates. Joseph also admitted that, prior to receiving the plates, he had at entertained thoughts of selling them to provide for his family.
Joseph Smith was commanded to show the plates to several people and none else; these accounts are recorded in the front of The Book of Mormon as "The Testimony of Three Witnesses" and "The Testimony of Eight Witnesses." Most of the witnesses at some point became disaffected with Joseph Smith's leadership and the church, but none ever denied their statements about the book's origins. Two of the Three Witnesses, Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery, returned to the church after it relocated to Utah.
After translation was complete, the angel again took the plates from Joseph Smith, and no public account of their whereabouts has been made since.

Because of its reputed source, the Book of Mormon was commonly known as the "Golden Bible," particularly by non-Mormons, though a few members also used the term in early descriptions.

See Golden Plates

Alternative explanations

Alternative explanations for the authorship of the Book of Mormon have arisen. Most of these explanations attack the notion of Joseph Smith receiving divine revelations. An incomplete list of alternative origins of The Book of Mormon is given below. (See Dr. Jeff Lindsay's website for additional scholarly analysis of these allegations)

Smith as author

According to this view, Joseph Smith simply wrote the Book of Mormon and later claimed to have translated it. This position tends to be the most commonly-held among Smith's critics and non-Mormons in general. Some Latter-day Saint scholars, such as Hugh Nibley, addressed this viewpoint, claiming that it is nearly impossible to write such a book within such a period of time, particuarly given that Smith was an unlearned man.

Smith as a plagiarist of contemporaries

Persuitte has pointed out that Smith may have had source material with which to work, especially View of the Hebrews: or the Tribes of Israel in America, by Ethan Smith, pastor of a church in Poultney, Vermont, self-published, 1825, which called for recognition of Native Americans as the lost tribes of Israel and for bringing them back into the Christian fold. Speculation regarding the possible origins of the Native Americans were common in the era. Thus Smith could have formed an outline of the epic in his mind from contemporary sources before dictating it. Persuitte, in his book, Joseph Smith and the Origins of The Book of Mormon, shows extensive parallels between passages in View of the Hebrews and in The Book of Mormon, but notes no instances of direct copying, nor does he demonstrate that Smith ever read or even encountered the book. Had he owned a copy, Smith could be said to have been inspired by View of the Hebrews.

Some claim Smith plagiarized material from the manuscript for an unpublished novel by Solomon Spaulding. Others believe Spaulding's romantic novel has very little in common to the Book of Mormon, with the exception of the story, which revolves around a group of seafaring Romans who sail to the New World around 2 millennia ago.

Smith as a plagiarist from the King James Version of the Bible

A substantial segment of the Book of Mormon, namely 2 Nephi chapters 7, 8, and 12-24, match nearly word-for-word the chapters 50, 51-52:1-2, and 2-4 (respectively) of the King James Translation (1611) of the Book of Isaiah. This suggests that it is possible Joseph Smith used these sections of the Bible when authoring the Book of Mormon.

The footnotes and chapter headings of the 1981 LDS Edition of the Book of Mormon acknowledge the similarities between these passages and encourage comparisons between the Isaiah and 2 Nephi. There are differences in more than half of the 433 verses of Isaiah that are quoted in the Book of Mormon; most are very minor, but some are significant, which shows that Joseph Smith did not copy the KJV word-for-word, though he still may have used it during the supposed "translation."

One of Smith's colleagues as author

According to this theory, someone else (either Sidney Rigdon or some other close friend of Smith) wrote the book and allowed Smith to take credit for it. Given that Smith was not particularly educated beyond a basic understanding of reading, writing, and arithmetic, many consider this theory more probable than the view that Smith wrote the book himself. Both Sidney Rigdon and Oliver Cowdery were educated and could have helped Smith fabricate the story. This theory would also help explain why different sections of the book appear to be written by different authors (of course, the Book of Mormon does claim to be written by different authors).

However, Sidney Rigdon and Oliver Cowdery both denied having written the book, and in fact Cowdery was one of the Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormon. Even though he became disaffected with Joseph Smith's leadership and with the church and was excommunicated, Cowdery never denied his testimony that the Book of Mormon was the word of God; he later returned to the church. There is also no evidence that Joseph Smith knew of or was in contact with Sidney Rigdon until after the Book of Mormon was published. Most histories state that Parley P. Pratt, a member of Rigdon's congregation near Kirtland, Ohio, was baptized around September 1830 in Palmyra. Soon after, Pratt returned to Ohio, which is when Rigdon learned of Smith and the Book of Mormon and was baptized. According to these accounts, Rigdon first met Smith in December 1830, nine months after the Book of Mormon's publication.

Latter Day Saint views concerning the book's historicity

The dominant and widely accepted view among Latter Day Saints is that the Book of Mormon is a true account of the people whose history it documents.

Since the time of its publication, it has been common among Latter Day Saints to view and explain the Book of Mormon as a comprehensive history of all Native Americans. In light of more careful research, however, both the text of the book and archaeological studies support a more limited view of the scope of the Book of Mormon. Now, many Latter Day Saint scholars suggest that the book is a history of only a small group of Native Americans in Central America. Populations and civilizations described in the Book of Mormon would not have been large enough to fill whole continents. Moreover, there is much evidence that one common assumption of the past (that Book of Mormon civilizations were alone in America) is probably incorrect.

While some Mormon religious scholars claim to have found archaeological and linguistic evidence that the book was an ancient record, these conclusions are not generally accepted by secular scholars.

Main article: Archaeology and the Book of Mormon

Role of the Book of Mormon in Mormonism

Many find the role of the Book of Mormon in Mormonism enigmatic in that it does not receive the expected central focus indicated by its purported history, origin, and role in the beginning of Mormonism.

Apologetic Point of View

This phenomenon (of not placing enough emphasis on the Book of Mormon or ignoring it all together) was decried in a revelation to Joseph Smith that pronounced a condemnation on the "whole church" for treating the Book of Mormon "lightly," until they should "repent and remember the new covenant, even the Book of Mormon and the former commandments which I [the Lord] have given them, not only to say, but to do according to that which I have written, that they may bring forth fruit meet for their Father's kingdom" (Doctrine and Covenants 84:55-58). The importance of studying the Book of Mormon has been stressed by every LDS church president since Joseph Smith, who stated that the Book of Mormon was "the keystone of our religion, and a man would get nearer to God by abiding by its precepts, than by any other book."

The Book of Mormon's significance was reiterated in the late 20th century by Ezra Taft Benson, Apostle and 13th President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In an August 2005 Ensign (magazine) message, current LDS President Gordon B. Hinckley challenged each member of the church to reread the Book of Mormon again before year end. The book's importance is commonly stressed at the twice-yearly General Conference and at special devotionals by General Authorities in the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and the several Quorums of the Seventy.

Alleged inconsistencies between the Book of Mormon and Latter-day Saint doctrine

Critics of Mormonism have claimed that the Book of Mormon does not seem entirely consistent with Mormon (and/or more specifically, LDS) doctrine. The book's Introduction states that the Book of Mormon "contains, as does the Bible, the fullness of the everlasting gospel," though it does not dictate certain specific doctrines important to Latter-day Saints, including the origin of God, Baptism for the dead and other temple ordinances, and the pre-existence. It also does not dictate the doctrine of plural marriage, or polygamy, which a few 'fundamentalist' splinter sects maintain; however, the Book of Mormon does mention polygamy, and Jacob says concerning it:

"I the Lord God will not suffer that this people shall do like unto them of old...For there shall not any man among you have save it be one wife; and concubines he shall have none...For if I will, saith the Lord of Hosts, raise up seed unto me, I will command my people; otherwise, they shall hearken unto these things" (Jacob 2:26-27,30).

The saints believe that the Lord commanded polygamy for a time, but when the 1890 Manifesto revoked that commandment, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began to excommunicate members who entered into polygamous relationships.

To counter the accusation that the Book of Mormon does not contain "the fullness of the everlasting gospel," some LDS members point to a statement made by Joseph Smith to the effect that the basic and essential doctrines of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are Faith, Repentance, Baptism, and Confirmation, which are taught in the Book of Mormon, and all other doctrines and practices are but appendages to those tenets. Another interpreation of the phrase "fullness of the everlasting gospel" is that the Book of Mormon contains, as does the Bible, the true gospel (the message of Christ's Atonement and of the plan of salvation), untarnished by centuries of misinterpretation.

The following passages appear to casual observers to conflict with Mormon (and more specifically, LDS) doctrines:

  • The Father and the Son are one God (Mosiah 15:4). Critics argue that this means the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit cannot be three individuals and that mankind cannot be made like God. Most Latter Day Saints, however, will point out that this passage is a reference to Jesus Christ as both the Father and the Son (see Mosiah 15:1-3). The prophet Abinadi is teaching corrupt priests about the Law of Moses, and how it is in preparation for the coming of the Messiah. This Book of Mormon teaching, in effect, shows that the God of Israel and the Messiah are one and the same being, Jesus Christ; He is [God] of the Old Testament ("Father," representing God the Father) and Lord of the New Testament ("Son"), which is exactly what the LDS church teaches.
  • God is "the same yesterday, today, and forever" (Mormon 9:9). So, critics argue, he could not have once been a man. Most Latter Day Saints believe the phrase "God is the same yesterday, today, and forever," is used in reference to the constancy of the gospel; from before the time of Adam until the end of the world and beyond, there has only been one true gospel preached. In other words, because the gospel is constant, God is as well; thus, because the phrase does not refer to the nature of God, it is not a contradiction of the doctrine of eternal progression.
  • Desiring many wives is "wicked" (Jacob 1:15). Critics argue that the doctrine of plural marriage contradicts the Book of Mormon. Few Latter Day Saints would argue that desiring multiple wives is good. What the critics should notice, however, is that it is the desire that is condemned, not the practice, which the Lord has commanded from time to time.

Latter Day Saints believe it makes no sense to claim that a book so complex and revolutionary as the Book of Mormon might contradict itself within the span of a few pages. Moreover, Latter Day Saints find it equally ridiculous when critics claim that Joseph Smith, who was intimately aware of the Book of Mormon's teachings, taught doctrines contrary to the teachings of the book on which rests the whole validity of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Therefore, it seems irrational to Latter Day Saints that these "contradictions" exist; in their mind, any problems or confusion must stem from a person's misinterpretation (or in the case of some critics, deliberate misreprensentation) of certain passages or teachings.

Book of Mormon Editions

The Book of Mormon is published today in the following forms:

  • by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under the expanded title The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ
  • for the Community of Christ by Herald House as Book of Mormon - Revised Authorized Version (1966) and Book of Mormon - Authorized Version (1908)
  • by the Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) as The Book of Mormon: An Account Written by the Hand of Mormon upon Plates taken from the Plates of Nephi — an original edition compiled by a committee made up of Church of Jesus Christ apostles Thurman S. Furnier, Charles Ashton and William H. Cadman
  • for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) by Richard Drew, Burlington (Voree), Wisconsin — a photo enlarged facsimile of the 1840 edition
  • by Zarahemla Research Foundation as The Book of Mormon - Restored Covenant Edition
  • by the University of Illinois Press as The Book of Mormon: A Reader's Edition (2003) (this edition is based on the 1908 LDS edition)
  • by Double Day Press under the title The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ (2004)

For the first time since its original publication, a special edition of The Book of Mormon was printed by a trade publisher for commercial distribution. While it contains all the original text of the current LDS English edition of the Book of Mormon, it lacks the footnotes and cross-references of the church-published version. This hardcover edition of the book was made available on November 16 2004 by Doubleday.

Some critics have suggested that some of the changes across editions significantly affect the meaning of the Book of Mormon and indicate an agenda inconsistent with the idea of a revealed or inspired book. Most of these changes have been discussed in official Church publications including the Ensign, Improvement Era, Millennial Star and Times and Seasons, and usually are consistent with early pre- and post-publication edits made by Joseph Smith. See Linguistics and the Book of Mormon.

References

  1. Brewster, Quinn (1996). The Structure of the Book of Mormon: A Theory of Evolutionary Development. Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 29(2): 109–140.

See also

Further reading

  • David Persuitte, Joseph Smith and the Origins of The Book of Mormon, second edition, McFarland & Company (2000), trade paperback, 325 pages, ISBN 078640826X

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