Calcium

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See also Calcium, New York, United States.
20 potassiumcalciumscandium
Mg

Ca

Sr
Image:Ca-TableImage.png
General
Name, Symbol, Number calcium, Ca, 20
Chemical series alkaline earth metals
Group, Period, Block 2, 4, s
Appearance silvery white
Image:Ca,20.jpg
Atomic mass 40.078(4) g/mol
Electron configuration [Ar] 4s2
Electrons per shell 2, 8, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase solid
Density (near r.t.) 1.55 g/cm³
Liquid density at m.p. 1.378 g/cm³
Melting point 1115 K
(842 °C, 1548 °F)
Boiling point 1757 K
(1484 °C, 2703 °F)
Heat of fusion 8.54 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization 154.7 kJ/mol
Heat capacity (25 °C) 25.929 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T/K 864 956 1071 1227 1443 1755
Atomic properties
Crystal structure cubic face centered
Oxidation states 2
(strongly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.00 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more)
1st: 589.8 kJ/mol
2nd: 1145.4 kJ/mol
3rd: 4912.4 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 180 pm
Atomic radius (calc.) 194 pm
Covalent radius 174 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering paramagnetic
Electrical resistivity (20 °C) 33.6 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity (300 K) 201 W/(m·K)
Thermal expansion (25 °C) 22.3 µm/(m·K)
Speed of sound (thin rod) (20 °C) 3810 m/s
Young's modulus 20 GPa
Shear modulus 7.4 GPa
Bulk modulus 17 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.31
Mohs hardness 1.75
Brinell hardness 167 MPa
CAS registry number 7440-70-2
Notable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of calcium
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP
40Ca 96.941% Ca is stable with 20 neutrons
41Ca syn 1.03×105 y ε - 41K
42Ca 0.647% Ca is stable with 22 neutrons
43Ca 0.135% Ca is stable with 23 neutrons
44Ca 2.086% Ca is stable with 24 neutrons
45Ca syn 162.7 d β- 0.258 45Sc
46Ca 0.004% >2.8×1015 y β-β-  ? 46Ti
47Ca syn 4.536 d β- 0.694, 1.99 47Sc
γ 1.297 -
48Ca 0.187% >4×1019 y β-β-  ? 48Ti
References

Calcium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. Calcium is a soft grey alkaline earth metal that is used as a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Calcium is also the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust. It is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology, and is the most common metal in many animals.


Contents

Notable characteristics

Calcium is a rather soft metallic element that is purified by electrolysis from calcium fluoride. It burns with a yellow-red flame and forms a white nitride coating when exposed to air. It reacts with water displacing hydrogen and forming calcium hydroxide.

The Calcium-40 isotope has a nucleus of 20 Protons and 20 Neutrons. Calcium has 20 electrons divided as 2 in the first orbital, 8 in the second orbital, 8 in the third orbital, and two in the last orbital.

Applications

Calcium is an important component of a healthy diet. Its minor deficit can affect bone and teeth formation, while its excess can lead to kidney stones. Vitamin D is needed to absorb calcium. Dairy products are widely heralded as a rich source of calcium. Other good sources include seaweeds, such as kelp, wakame and hijiki; nuts, beans and pulses, especially when taken raw; greens; wholemeal breads; fish.

For more information about Ca in living nature, see calcium in biology and calcium metabolism.

Other uses include:

  • Reducing agent in the extraction of other metals such as uranium, zirconium, and thorium.
  • Deoxidizer, desulfurizer, or decarburizer for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys.
  • Alloying agent used in the production of aluminium, beryllium, copper, lead, and magnesium alloys.
  • It is also used in making cements and mortar that are used in building.

History

Calcium (Latin calx, meaning "lime")was first isolated in its metallic form by Sir Humphrey Davy in 1808 through the electrolysis of a mixture of calcium oxide and mercury oxide.

Compounds

Calcium, combined with phosphate to form hydroxylapatite, is the mineral portion of human and animal bones and teeth. The mineral portion of some corals can also be transformed into hydroxylapatite.

Quicklime (CaO) is used in many chemical refinery processes and is made by heating and carefully adding water to limestone. When CaO is mixed with sand it hardens into a mortar and is turned into plaster by carbon dioxide uptake. Mixed with other compounds, CaO forms an important part of Portland cement.

When water percolates through limestone or other soluble carbonate rocks, it partially dissolves part of the rock and causes cave formation and characteristic stalactites and stalagmites and also forms hard water. Other important calcium compounds are nitrate, sulfide, chloride, carbide, cyanamide, and hypochlorite.

Isotopes

Calcium has six stable isotopes, two of which occur in nature: stable Ca-40 and radioactive Ca-41 with a half-life = 103,000 years. 97% of the element is in the form of Ca-40. Ca-40 is one of the daughter products of K-40 decay, along with Ar-40. While K-Ar dating has been used extensively in the geological sciences, the prevalence of Ca-40 in nature has impeded its use in dating. Techniques using mass spectrometry and a double spike isotope dilution have been used for K-Ca age dating. Unlike cosmogenic isotopes that are produced in the atmosphere, Ca-41 is produced by neutron activation of Ca-40. Most of its production is in the upper metre or so of the soil column where the cosmogenic neutron flux is still sufficiently strong. Ca-41 has received much attention in stellar studies because Ca-41 decays to K-41, a critical indicator of solar-system anomalies.

See also: disorders of calcium metabolism

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