Civil parish
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- Parishes in Louisiana USA are sometimes called 'civil parishes' see List of parishes of Louisiana
In England a civil parish (usually just parish) is the lowest unit of local government, lower than districts or counties. Civil parishes are entirely different from ecclesiastic parishes, and have nothing to do with the Church.
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Geography
Parishes do not cover the whole of England, and mostly exist in rural areas, and small urban areas. Civil parishes vary greatly in size, many cover tiny hamlets with populations of less than 100, whereas some large ones such as Hereford cover towns with populations of tens of thousands.
Large urban areas are mostly unparished, but there is generally nothing to stop their establishment. For example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley. In Greater London, however, the current legislative framework for local government forbids the establishment of civil parishes.
Parish councils
Civil parishes are usually administered by parish councils, (sometimes called a town council or occasionally a 'City Council') which have various local responsibilities. Typical activities undertaken by a parish council include the provision and upkeep of certain local facilities such as allotments, parks, playgrounds, footpaths, village halls and public clocks. They also have responsibility for litter collection, and entering Britain in Bloom. Recently, parish councils have been given new powers to provide traffic calming, community transport, and crime prevention measures.
Parish councils are supposed to act as a channel of local opinion to larger local government bodies, and as such have the right to be consulted on any planning decisions affecting the parish. Parish councils receive funding from their district council, taken from the council tax paid by the residents of the parish.
The role played by parish councils varies. Some play only a minor role, while some larger parish councils have a role similar to that of a small district council.
Parish councils are run by volunteer councillors who are elected to serve for four years. Different councils have different numbers of councillors.
Most parish councillors are elected to represent the entire parish. Only if there are more candidates standing for election than there are seats on the council will an election be held.
Some parishes are deemed too small to have a parish council and instead have a parish meeting; an example of direct democracy. Parishes can be grouped with other parishes and share a common parish council.
There are about 8,700 parish and town councils in England, and about 1,500 parish meetings. Since 1997 around 100 new civil parishes have been created.
A parish council can also be called a Town Council or a City Council (but not all city or town councils are parish councils). It can become a Town Council unilaterally, simply by making a resolution to do so. City status however is granted by the crown. In England, there are currently six parishes with city status : Chichester, Ely, Hereford, Lichfield, Ripon, and Wells. The Chair of a Town council or City council will usually have the title Mayor.
Sometimes a city or town is abolished as a district, and it is considered desirable to maintain continuity of the charter until a parish council to replace it can be set up. In this case Charter Trustees perform some of the functions of a parish council, and maintain traditions such as mayoralty. An example of such a city was Hereford, whose city council was merged in 1998 to form a unitary Herefordshire. The area of the city of Hereford remained unparished until 2000 when a parish council was created for the city.
The policy of the present government is to encourage creation of town and parish councils in unparished areas. Recently established councils include those for Daventry (2003), and Folkestone (2004).
Scotland, Wales and Ireland
In Wales the equivalent body to a Parish council is termed a Community council.
The administrative counties of Scotland were sub-divided into parishes, but these lacked their own councils. Scotland has now bodies called Community councils, but these are not equivalent to and have fewer powers than the English parishes and Welsh communities.
In Ireland, counties are divided into civil parishes. Irish civil parishes are divided into townlands. Counties are also divided into larger subdivisions called baronies, which are made up of a number of parishes or parts of parishes. Both civil parishes and baronies are now largely obsolete (except for some purposes such as legal transactions involving land) and are no longer used for local government purposes.
History
Whilst as their name suggests, Civil Parishes arose out of the ecclesiastical parish system, their purpose was to administer the Poor Law. The entire country of England was divided into parishes, each responsible for the maintenance of the poor people born in the parish. A rate (property tax) was levied in each parish.
How ancient the division of parishes is, may at present be difficult to ascertain. Mr. Camden says, England was divided into parishes by Archbishop Honorius, about the year 630. Sir Henry Hobart lays it down, that parishes were first erected by the council of Lateran, which was held A.D. 1179. Each widely differs from the other, and both of them perhaps from the truth, which will probably be found in the medium, between the two extremes. We find the distinction of parishes, nay, even of mother churches, so early as in the laws of King Edgar, about the year 970.
The civil division of England into counties, of counties into hundreds, of hundreds into tithings, or towns, as it now stands, seems to owe its original to King Alfred; who, to prevent the rapines and disorders which formerly prevailed in the realm, instituted tithings; so called, from the Saxon, because ten freeholders with their families composed one. These all dwelt together, and were sureties, or free-pledges to the king for the good behaviour of each other; and if any offence were committed in their district, they were bound to have the offender forthcoming. And therefore, anciently, no man was suffered to abide in England above forty days, unless he were enrolled in some tithing or decennary. As ten families of freeholders made up a tithing, so ten tithings composed a superior division, called a hundred.
In some of the more northern counties these hundreds are called wapentakes. The sub-division of hundreds into tithings seems to be most peculiarly the invention of Alfred; the institution of hundreds themselves he rather introduced than invented, for they seem to have obtained in Denmark; and we find that in France a regulation of this sort was made above 200 years before; set on foot by Clotharicus and Childebert, with a view of obliging each district to answer for the robberies committed in its own division. In some counties there is an intermediate division between the shire and the hundred, as lathes in Kent, and rapes in Sussex, each of them containing about three or four hundreds a-piece. Where a county is divided into three of these intermediate jurisdictions, they are called trithings, which still subsist in the large county of York, where, by an easy corruption, they are denominated ridings; the north, the east, and the west.
As Local Government was restructured in the 19th Century, some parishes were designated Urban Sanitary Districts and had their powers greatly increased. Elected Parish Councils were established in 1894 under the Local Government Act, replacing the vestry system. This reform also saw the setup of elected urban districts and rural districts.
Smaller parishes were grouped together as Rural Districts but still retained some responsibilities. Poor Law obligations were now given to "Unions" of a number of parishes, in order to have sufficient resources to establish and administer workhouses and "outdoor relief". In 1929 the old Poor Law system was abolished, central government now assuming responsibility for welfare payments. In 1974 rural parishes were retained but most urban areas became "unparished".
See also
- Community councils in Wales and Scotland
- List of civil parishes in England
- Freguesia—civil parish in Portugal
- UK topics
External links
| Current structure of subnational entities in England (2005) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Region level: | Region | Region | Region | Region | |
| County level: | Metropolitan county | Shire county | Unitary authority | Greater London | |
| District level: | Metropolitan district | Non-metropolitan district | n/a | London borough | |
| Parish level: | Civil parish | Civil parish | Civil parish | n/a | |
