Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

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Contents 1 United States and Canada 1.1 Arctic 1.2 Subarctic 1.3 California 1.4 Eastern Woodlands 1.5 Great Basin 1.6 Plateau 1.7 Northwest Coast 1.8 Plains 1.9 Southeast 1.10 Southwest 2 Central and South America 2.1 Caribbean 2.2 Mesoamerica 2.3 Andean 2.4 Sub-Andean 2.5 Western Amazon 2.6 Central Amazon 2.7 Eastern and Southern Amazon 2.8 Southern Cone 3 Languages

United States and Canada

Ethnographers commonly classify the indigenous peoples of the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits (called cultural areas). The following list groups peoples by their region of origin, followed by the current location. See the individual article on each tribe or First Nation for a history of their movements. See the List of Native American Tribal Entities for the United States' official list of recognized Native American tribes. The regions are:

Arctic

• Aleut
• Inuit
• Yupik

Subarctic

Ahtna (Ahtena, Nabesna) Atikamekw Babine Bearlake Chipewyan Chilcotin Cree Dakelh Deg Hit'an (Deg Xinag, Degexit'an, Ingalik) Dogrib Han Hare Holikachuk Innu Kaska (Nahane) Kolchan (Upper Kuskokwim) Koyukon Kutchin Mountain Naskapi

Nishka Ojibwa Sekani Slavey (Dialects: Hay River, Simpson Providence, Liard, Fort Nelson) Tagish Tahltan Lower Tanana Middle Tanana Upper Tanana Tanacross Tanaina (Dialects: Outer Inlet, Upper Inlet, Iliama, Inland, Kachemak Bay, Kenai, Susitna River) Tasttine (Beaver) Inland Tlingit Tsetsaut Tsimishian Northern Tutchone Southern Tutchone Wet'suweten Yellowknife

California

Achomawi (Pit River Indians) Antoniaño Atsugewi Bear River Cahuilla Campo Chemehuevi Chukchansi Chumash (Dialects: Roseño, Purisimeño, Barbareño, Inezeño, Ventureño, Obispeño, Santa Paula, Cruzeño, Emigdiano Allilik) Chilula Chimariko Costanoan (Dialects: Ramaytush, San Jose, Juichen, Chocheño, Tamyen, Awaswas, Chalon, Mutsun, Rumsen) Cupeño Diegueño Esselen Fernandeño - see Tataviam Gabrieliño - see Tongva Giamina Huchnom Hupa Ipai Jamul Juaneño Kamia Karok Kato Kiliwa Kitanemuk Klamath Konomihu Konkow Kumeyaay (Diegueño) Lassik Luiseño Maidu Mattole Mesa Grande Migueleño Mission Indians Miwok (Me-wuk) Modoc Mohave

Monache Nakipa Nisenan Nomlaki Nongatl Ohlone Paipai (Akwa'ala) Paiute Patwin Pit River - see Achomawi Pomo Quechan Rumsen Salinan San Clemente San Nicolas Santa Catalina Serrano Shasta tribe Sinkyone Tache Tachi tribe Tataviam (Fernandeño) Tipai Tolowa Tongva (Gabrieliño) Tsnungwe Tubatulabal Wailaki Wappo Washoe Whilkut Wintu Wintun Wiyot Yahi Yana Yocha Dehe Yokuts Yuki Coast Yuki Yurok

Eastern Woodlands

Abenaki Abitibi, see Algonquin Accohannock Maryland Algonquian lower Saint Lawrence River Algonquin (Outaouais and Abitibi) Quebec Beothuk formerly Newfoundland, no longer exist Caniba Conoy Erie Etchemin Quebec (Maliseet) Fox Ho-Chunk Wisconsin Huron/Wyandot Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec Illinois (Illini) Illinois Iroquois New York Cayuga Mohawk Kahnawake, Quebec Oneida Onondaga Seneca Tuscarora Kickapoo Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas Laurentian Lenni-Lenape Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Oklahoma Loup A Loup B Maliseet Maine, Quebec, and New Brunswick, Canada Mascouten Massachusett Massachusetts Menominee Miami Indiana, now Oklahoma Mingo Pennsylvania, Ohio Mahican Micmac Mohegan Montauk New York Munsee Nanticoke Narragansett Rhode Island

Natick Neutral Nipissing Nipmuck Massachusetts Ojibwa (Chippewa, Anishaabe) Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Montana) Oji-Cree Ottawa Outaouais, see Algonquin Paugusset Connecticut Passamaquoddy Maine Penobscot Maine Peoria Illinois, now Oklahoma Pequot Petun Pocumtuk Poospatuck New York Potawatomi Michigan Powhatan Virginia Quiripi Ramapough Mountain Indians New Jersey Hopewell Ohio and Black River region Sauk Saulteaux Schaghticoke Western Connecticut Secotan Shawnee Ohio, Pennsylvania [most ended up in Oklahoma] Shinnecock New York Souriquoian Susquahannock Tarrantine (Tarranteen), see Abenaki, Micmac Unalachtigo Unami Unquachog Wampanoag Massachusetts Wappinger Wawenoc Wea Wenro Winnebago Wisconsin around Green Bay, now Nebraska Wyandot/Huron Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec

Great Basin

• Bannock
• Chemehuevi
• Gosiute Utah
• Kawaiisu
• Koso
• Mono
• Owen's Valley (Native Amricans)
• Northern Paiute California, Nevada, Oregon [Burns-Paiute], Arizona
• Southern Paiute (Kaibab)
• Panamint
• Paviotso
• Shoshone (Shoshoni) Nevada, Wyoming, California
• Timbisha
• Ute Utah, Colorado
• Washo Nevada, California

Plateau

Cayuse Oregon Celilo (Wayampam) Upper Chinookan (Dialects: Clackamas, Cascades, Hood River Wasco, Wishram Kathlamet, Wishram, Cathlamet, Multnomah, Columbian (Dialects: Wenatchee, Sinkayuse, Chelan) Coeur d'Alene Idaho Colville Washington Upper Cowlitz Flatbow Flathead Fountain John Day Kalispel Washington Kittitas Klamath Klikitat Washington Kootenai Idaho Lakes Lillooet Lower Snake (Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam) Modoc Molala (Molale) Oregon

Nez Perce Idaho Nicola Okanagan (Dialects: Northern and Southern) Palus (Palouse) Pend'Oreilles Rock Creek Sahaptin Sanpoil Shuswap Spokane Washington Tenino Thompson River Salish Tygh Tygh Valley Umatilla Oregon Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan) Walla Walla Oregon Wanapum Wasco Oregon Yakima Washington

Northwest Coast

Ahantchuyuk - see Kalapuya Alsea Applegate Atfalati - see Kalapuya Bella Bella Bella Coola Calapooia - see Kalapuya Calapuya - see Kalapuya Central Kalapuya - see Kalapuya Chasta Costa Chehalis (Upper and Lower) Washington Chemakum Washington Chetco Chilliwak Chinook Dialects: (Lower Chinook, Upper Chinook, Clackamas, Wasco) Chinook Jargon Clatsop Clatskanie (Tlatskanie) Comox Coos {Hanis} Oregon Lower Coquille (Miluk) Oregon Upper Coquille Cowichan Lower Cowlitz Washington Duwamish Washington Eyak Alaska Galice Haida (Dialects: Kaigani, Skidegate, Masset) Alaska Haihai Haisla Halkomelem Heiltsuk Hoh Washington Kalapuya (Calapooia, Calapuya) North Kalapuya Yamhill (Yamel) Tualatin Tfalati (Atfalati) Central Kalapuya Santiam Mary's River Lakmiut Ahantchuyuk Lower McKenzie (Mohawk) South Kalapuya (Yonkalla, Yoncalla) Kimsquit Kitimat Klallam (Clallam, Dialects: Klallam (Lower Elwha), S'Klallam (Jamestown), S'Klallam (Port Gamble)) Klemtu Klickitat Koskimo Kwalhioqua Kwakiutl (Kwakwala or Kwakwa'kwa'kw) Kwalhioqua Kwantlem Kwatami Lakmiut - see Kalapuya

Lower McKenzie - see Kalapuya Lummi Washington Lushootseed Makah Washington Mary's River - see Kalapuya Muckleshoot Washington Musqueam Nanaimo Niskwalli Nooksack Washington North Kalapuya - see Kalapuya Nisqually Washington Oowekyala Pentlatch Puyallup Washington Quileute Washington Quinault Washington Rogue River or Upper Illinois Oregon, California Saanich Samish Santiam - see Kalapuya Sauk-Suiattle Washington Sechelt Shoalwater Bay Tribe Washington Siletz Oregon Siuslaw Oregon Skagit Skokomish Washington Sliammon Snohomish Stó:lō Songish Sooke South Kalapuya - see Kalapuya Squaxin Island Tribe Washington Spokane Washington Stillaguamish Washington Squamish Washington Swinomish Washington Tait Takelma Oregon Talio Tfalati - see Kalapuya Tillamook (Nehalem) Oregon Tlatlasikoala Tlingit Alaska Tolowa-Tututni Tsimshian (Dialects: Hartley Bay, Prince Rupert, Gitando, Kitkatla) Tualatin - see Kalapuya Tulalip Washington Twana Lower Umpqua Oregon Upper Umpqua Oregon Upper Skagit Washington Yamel - see Kalapuya Yamhill - see Kalapuya Yaquina Yoncalla - see Kalapuya Yonkalla - see Kalapuya

Plains

Arapaho Wyoming, Oklahoma Arikara (aka Arikaree or Ree) North Dakota Assiniboine (Assiniboin) Montana Fort Peck Indian Reservation is home to Assiniboine and Lakota (Sioux) Atsina Besawunena Blackfoot Montana/Alberta (bands: Kainah or Blood, Siksiki, Northern Peigan, Piegan or Blackfeet) Brulé Cheyenne Montana, South Dakota; Oklahoma Chickasaw Oklahoma Comanche Oklahoma Crow (Absaroka or Apsáalooke) Montana, South Dakota Chippewa Cree, Montana Plains Cree Montana Dakota Gros Ventre Hasinai Hidatsa North Dakota Iowa (Ioway) Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma Kaw (Kansa) Oklahoma Kiowa Oklahoma Kitsai Lakota (Sioux) South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska Lipan Apache Mandan North Dakota Missouri Missouri

Nawathinehena Oglala Sioux Omaha Nebraska Mississaugas Osage Nation Oklahoma Otoe Oklahoma Ottawa Michigan; Oklahoma Pawnee (Dialects: South Band, Skiri) Oklahoma Piegan Plains Apache (Kiowa-Apache) Oklahoma Ponca Nebraska, Oklahoma Quapaw (Arkansas) Arkansas, Oklahoma Santee Sauk (originally Great Lakes now Kansas, Oklahoma, Iowa Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe) Siksika Sioux (Lakota, Dakota, Nakota) Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota) Stoney Teton Tonkawa Oklahoma Tsuu T’ina (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina) Wichita Oklahoma [Affiliated Tribes - Wichita, Waco, Tawakoni, Keechi] Wyandot Ontario, Michigan Yankton Yanktonai

Southeast

Adaes - see Adai Adahi - see Adai Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos) Louisiana Adaise - see Adai Adaizan - see Adai Adaizi - see Adai Adees - see Adai Ais Florida Akokisa Alabama Alabama Apalachee Florida Apalachicola Georgia, Florida Atakapa (Attacapa) Atayos - see Adai Attacapa - see Atakapa Avoyel Bidai Biloxi Mississippi Caddo Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas Calusa Florida Catawba South Carolina Chacato Florida Chatot Chawasha Cherokee North Carolina; later Oklahoma Chiaha Chickahominy Virginia Chickamauga Chickasaw Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, later Oklahoma Chisca Florida Chitimacha Louisiana Choctaw Mississippi, Alabama, and parts of Louisiana; later Oklahoma Creek Alabama; Oklahoma, Georgia Coushatta Louisiana Coharie North Carolina Cusabo coastal Florida Eyeish Garza Texas, northern Mexico Grigra Guale coastal Florida Hitchiti Georgia, Alabama, Florida Houma Louisiana Iswa Jeaga Florida Koasati

Koroa Lumbee North Carolina Mattaponi Virginia Meherrin North Carolina Mikasuki (Miccosukee) Florida Mobile Mocama Monacan Virginia Movila western Florida Nansemond Virginia Natchez Mississippi, Louisiana Nottoway Ofo Oconee Georgia, Florida Opelousa Pamlico (Carolina) Pamunkey Virginia Pascagoula Pee Dee South Carolina, North Carolina Pensacola Rappahannock Virginia Saponi Seminole Florida; Oklahoma Taensa Tawasa Tequesta Florida Terocodame Codam Hieroquodame Oodame Perocodame Teroodame Timucua (Utina) Florida Tiou Tocobaga Florida Topachula Florida Tuscarora North Carolina, Virginia (later Niagara Falls, NY) Tuskegee Tutelo Tunica Mississippi Waccamaw North Carolina, South Carolina Woccon Yamasee Florida Yazoo Yuchi

Southwest

Acoma Ak Chin Arizona Apachean Chiricahua Jicarilla Mescalero Navajo (Navaho, Diné) Arizona, New Mexico Western Apache (Coyotero Apache) Arizona Apaches Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma Aranama (aka Hanáma, Hanáme, Chaimamé, Charinames, Xaranames, Taranames) Coahuiltecan Texas Cochimi Baja California Cochiti Cocopa Arizona Comecrudo Texas, northern Mexico Cotoname (aka Carrizo de Camargo) Halchidhoma Hano Hualapai Havasupai Arizona Hohokam Arizona Hopi Arizona Isleta Isleta del Sur Jemez Jumano Karankawa Kavelchadhom Keres Laguna Los Luceros Mamulique Texas, northern Mexico Maricopa Mohave Nambe

Opata Pecos Pericu Baja California Picuris Pima Arizona Pima Bajo Piro Pueblo people New Mexico Qahatika Quechan Arizona Sandia (Nafiat was the name for the Bernalillo pueblo) San Carlos San Felipe San Idelfonso San Juan Santa Ana Santa Clara Santo Domingo Seri Solano Suma Taos Tesuque Tewa Tigua Tamique Toboso Tohono O'odham (Papago) Arizona Ubate Waicuri (Guaicura) Baja California Walapai Yaqui Yavapai (Mojave-Apache) see Yavapai-Apache Nation, Yavapai-Prescott Tribe Arizona (often confused with Tonto Apache and Mojave) Yuma (Quechan) Zia Zuni

Central and South America

The indigenous peoples of Central and South America are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities.

Caribbean

• Arawak
  • Taino
  • Lucayan
• Carib
• Ciboney
• Kuna

Mesoamerica

• Aztec
• Alaguilac
• Huastec
• Lenca
• Maya
  • Ch'ol
  • Ixil
  • Jacaltec
  • Kaqchikel
  • Kekchi
  • Mam
  • Pocomam
  • Quiché
  • Tzotzil
  • Tzeltal
  • Tz'utujil
  • Xinca
• Mazatec
• Mixtec
• Olmec
• Pancho Indians
• Pipil
• Tarascan
• Teotihuacan
• Toltec
• Totonac
• Xochiapulcos
• Zacapoaxtlas
• Zapotec

Andean

• Inca
• Wanka
• Conchucos
• Aymara
• Diaguita
• Atacameño
• Saraguro

Sub-Andean

• Panoan
• Shuar (Jívaro, Jibaro)

Western Amazon

• Tukanoan

Central Amazon

• Arawak
• Tupian

Eastern and Southern Amazon

• Ge
  • Bororo
• Tupian
  • Guarani Paraguay

Southern Cone

• Araucanian (Mapuche)
• Puelche
• Tehuelche
• Yamana
• Kaweshkar
• Selknam

Languages

For a general discussion, see Native American languages