Clipper

From Freepedia

For other uses, see Clipper (disambiguation).

Image:Belle Etoile 1.jpg A clipper was a very fast multiple-masted sailing ship of the 19th century. Generally narrow for their length, limited in their bulk freight carrying capacities, and small by later 19th century standards, the clippers had a large relative sail area. "Clipper ships" were mostly products of British and American shipyards, though France, the Netherlands (the Dutch-built "Telanak", built in 1859 for the tea and passenger trade to Java) and other nations also produced a number of them. Clippers sailed all over the world, primarily on the trade routes between Britain and its colonies in the east, in the trans-Atlantic trade, and in the New York-to-San Francisco route round The Horn during the Gold Rush.

Contents 1 Origins 2 Decline 3 Notable clipper ships 4 Aerial clippers 5 See also 6 External links 7 References

Origins

The often quoted derivation of the word, that the vessels "clipped" time off a voyage, is probably incorrect. However, the example of the other class of vessel built for speed, the cutter, reminds us that the cutting notion may have been seen as relevant. One of the meanings of clip, from the seventeenth century onward, possibly from the sound of wings, is to fly or move quickly. The term clipper was originally applied to a fast horse and most likely derives from the term clip, meaning speed, as in "going at a good clip". The term clipper seems to be much the same as flier. The Oxford English Dictionary gives its earliest English quotation as from 1830. Cutler reports that the first newspaper appearance was in 1835, but that by then the term was apparently familiar.

In the United States the term "clipper," described the Baltimore Clipper, a topsail schooner that was developed in Chesapeake Bay before the Revolution and was lightly armed in the War of 1812, sailing under Letters of Marque and Reprisal, when the type—exemplified by the Chasseur, launched at Fells Point, Maryland, 1814— became known for its incredible speed; a deep draft enabled the Baltimore clipper to sail close to the wind (Villiers 1973). Clippers, outrunning the British blockade of Baltimore, came to be recognized as ships built for speed rather than cargo space; while traditional merchant ships were accustomed to average speeds of under 5 knots (9 km/h), clippers aimed at 9 knots (17 km/h) or better. Sometimes these ships could reach 20 knots (37 km/h).

Clippers were built for seasonal trades such as tea, where an early cargo was more valuable, or for passenger routes. The small, fast ships were ideally suited to low-volume, high-profit goods, such as spices, tea, people, and mail. The values could be spectacular. The "Challenger" returned from Shanghai with "the most valuable cargo of tea and silk ($2,000,000) ever to be laden in one bottom." The competition among the clippers was public and fierce, with their times recorded in the newspapers. Brightly colored lithographic "ship cards" were printed for individual sailings in the New York-to-San Francisco route, as pocket advertisements; about 3000 survive and are eagerly collected today (see link). The ships had low expected lifetimes and rarely outlasted two decades of use before they were broken up for salvage. Given their speed and maneuverability, clippers frequently mounted cannon or carronade and were often employed as pirate vessels, privateers, smuggling vessels, and in interdiction service.

Decline

Decline in the use of clippers started with the economic slump of 1855 and continued with the gradual introduction of the steamship. Although clippers could be much faster than the early steamships, clippers were ultimately dependent on the vagaries of the wind, while steamers could reliably keep to a schedule. The final blow came in the form of the Suez Canal, opened in 1869, which provided a huge shortcut for steamships between Europe and Asia, but which was difficult for sailing ships to use.

Although many clipper ships were built during the middle of the 1800s, Cutty Sark is arguably the only survivor. Falls of Clyde is a well-preserved example of a more conservatively designed, slower contemporary of the clippers, which was built for general freight in 1878. Other surviving examples of clipper ships of the era are not as well preserved,for example the City of Adelaide (aka S.V. Carrick)[1].

Notable clipper ships

• Great Republic
• James Baines
• Lightning
• Sea Witch

Aerial clippers

Trans-oceanic flying boats were established under the name of clipper, from the early 1930s. To send mail or goods by one of these flights became known as to clipper.

See also

• William Jardine
• Donald McKay
• Packet ship
• Sail-plan

External links

• The "Telanak"
• Clipper Ship cards
• The Flying Clippers
• The Shipslist: Baltimore Clipper
• "Baltimore Clippers - Pirates of the Chesapeake": career of Chasseur

References

• Carl C. Cutler, Greyhounds of the Sea (1930, 3rd ed. Naval Institute Press 1984)
• Alexander Laing, Clipper Ship Men (1944)
• David R. MacGregor, Fast Sailing Ships: Their Design and Construction, 1775-1875 Naval Institute Press, 1988 ISBN 0870218956 index
• Oxford English Dictionary (1987) ISBN 0-19-861212-5.
• Villiers, Capt. Alan, 1973. Men, Ships and the Sea (National Geographic Society)