Deregulation
From Freepedia
Deregulation is the process by which governments remove regulations on business in order to (in theory) encourage the efficient operation of markets. The stated rationale for deregulation is often that fewer regulations will lead to a raised level of competitiveness, therefore higher productivity, more efficiency and lower prices overall. Deregulation is different from liberalization because a liberalized market, allowing any number of players, can be regulated to protect the consumer's rights, especially to prevent de facto or even legal oligopolies.
Deregulation became an ideologically-led movement in the last two decades of the 20th Century, with often arbitrary targets (e.g. a 30% reduction of the number or word-length of regulations) and a failure to weigh the public-interest goals that had led to the creation of the regulations.
Perceived failures of deregulation (such as the failure of the Savings & Loan sector of the U.S. during the 1980s) have encouraged re-regulation, and more balanced approaches to regulation that emphasize the quality of regulation over the quantity. That is, instead of simply removing (or adding) regulations on business, the point is to regulate business intelligently, using as sophisticated an economic theory as possible.
One problem that encouraged deregulation was the way in which the regulated industries often controlled the government regulatory agencies, using them to serve the industries' interests. Unfortunately, the deregulation process itself was often controlled by the regulated industries.
Contents |
Argentina
Argentina underwent heavy economic deregulation during Menem's government, during the 1990's. These policies, implemented under advice of international organizations like the IMF and the WTO, eventually became unpopular after the year 2001, when the Argentine economy entered in crisis. Many people, both in Argentina and abroad, blame de-regulation for being a factor that caused the crisis.
See also: Economy of Argentina, Argentine economic crisis
European Union
- 2003 Corrections to EU directive about software patents
Japan
Since the economic bubble in 1990s collapsed, the Japanese government has seen deregulation as an effective way to lift its economy because it has a huge deficit and cannot make a large tax cut.
New Zealand
New Zealand has had extensive deregulation since 1984. It was instigated by the Labour Party.
See also: Economy of New Zealand
United States
Deregulation was a major trend in the United States in the last quarter of the twentieth century. A number of major deregulation initiatives were passed. Some of these were withdrawn quickly (but not quickly enough to avoid major problems), including the deregulation of savings and loans. American savings banks, which were permitted to lend unfettered, had their depositors funds insured by the federal government, creating a moral hazard. The California electricity crisis was precipitated by price manipulations by companies such as Enron after energy industry deregulation in 1996. Other legislation has been considered more widely successful, including deregulation of transport, and the gas market. In 1996, the media market was significantly deregulated.
Related Legislation
- 1976 - Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act PL 94-435
- 1978 - Airline Deregulation Act PL 95-50
- 1978 - National Gas Policy Act PL 95-621
- 1980 - Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act PL 96-221
- 1980 - Motor Carrier Act PL 96-296
- 1980 - Staggers Rail Act PL 96-448
- 1982 - Garn - St Germain Depository Institutions Act PL 97-320
- 1982 - Bus Regulatory Reform Act PL 97-261
- 1989 - Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act PL 101-60
- 1992 - National Energy Policy Act PL 102-486
- 1996 - Telecommunications Act PL 104-104
- 1999 - Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act PL 106-102
