Golem
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- Golem is also the name of an inductive logic programming system. Golem is a rock-type Pokémon.
In Jewish folklore, a golem (sometimes pronounced goilem) is an animated being crafted from inanimate material. In modern Hebrew the word golem denotes "fool", "silly", or even "stupid", "clue-less", and "dumb". The name appears to derive from the word gelem, which means "raw material".
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History
The word golem is used in the Bible to refer to an embryonic or incomplete substance: Psalm 139:16 uses the word "gal'mi", meaning "my unshaped form" (in Hebrew, root words are defined by sequences of consonants, ie. glm). The Mishnah uses the term for an uncultivated person ("Ten characteristics are in a learned person, and ten in an uncultivated one", Pirkei Avoth 5:7). Similarly, Golems are used today primarily in metaphor either as brainless lunks or as entities serving man under controlled conditions but enemies in others. Similarly, it is a Yiddish slang insult for someone who is clumsy or slow.
The earliest stories of golems date to early Judaism. Adam is described in the Talmud (Tractate Sanhedrin 38b) as initially created as a golem when his dust was "kneaded into a shapeless hunk". Like Adam, all golems are created from mud. They were a creation of those who were very holy and close to God. A very holy person was one who strove to approach God, and in that pursuit would gain some of God's wisdom and power. One of these powers was the creation of life. No matter how holy a person got, however, the being they created would be but a shadow of one created by God.
Early on, the notion developed that the main disability of the golem was its inability to speak. In Sanhedrin 65b, it describes how Rabba created a golem using the Sefer Yetzirah. He sent the golem to Rabbi Zeira. Rabbi Zeira spoke to the golem, but he did not answer. Said Rabbi Zeira, "I see that you were created by one of our colleagues; return to your dust".
Having a golem servant was seen as the ultimate symbol of wisdom and holiness, and there are many tales of golems connected to prominent rabbis throughout the Middle Ages.
Other attributes of the golem were gradually added over time. In many tales the Golem is inscribed with magic or religious words that keep it animated. Writing the name of God on its forehead, (or on a clay tablet under its tongue) or writing the word Emet (אמת, 'truth' in the Hebrew language) on its forehead are examples of such words. By erasing the first letter in Emet to form Meit (מת, 'death' in Hebrew) the golem can be deactivated.
The most famous golem narrative involves the Maharal of Prague, a 16th century rabbi. He is reported to have created a golem to defend the Prague ghetto from Anti-Semitic attacks. However these stories are of relatively recent origin, and appear to be the result of fictional accounts written by Yudl Rosenberg in 1909. According to the legend, Golem could be made of clay from the banks of the Vltava river in Prague. Following the prescribed rituals, the Rabbi built the Golem and made him come to life by reciting a special incantation in Hebrew. The word "emet", meaning "truth", was placed on the Golem's forehead. The Golem would obey the Rabbi's every order and would help and protect the people of the Jewish Ghetto. However, as he grew bigger, he also became more violent and started killing people and spreading fear. Rabbi Loew was promised that the violence against the Jews would stop if the Golem was destroyed. The Rabbi agreed.
The existence of a golem is in most stories portrayed as a mixed blessing. Although not overly intelligent, a golem can be made to perform simple tasks over and over. The problem is one of control or getting it to stop, bearing a resemblance to the story of the broomstick in the Sorcerer's Apprentice.
In the late nineteenth century the golem was adopted by mainstream European society. Most notably Gustav Meyrink's 1915 novel Der Golem based on the tales of the golem created by Judah Low ben Bezalel. This book inspired a classic set of expressionistic silent movies, Paul Wegener's Golem series, of which especially Golem: How He Came Into the World (also released as The Golem, 1920, USA 1921) is famous. Another famous treatment from the same era is H. Leivick's 1921 Yiddish-language "dramatic poem in eight sections" The Golem.
These tales saw a dramatic change, and some would argue a Christianization, of the golem. Christianity, far more than Judaism, has long had a deep concern with humanity getting too close to God. The golem thus became a creation of overambitious and overreaching mystics, who would inevitably be punished for their blasphemy, very similar to Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and the alchemical homunculus. The Golem has also been considered by some to be an early android, further divorcing it from its roots.
In 2005, the story of the Golem was returned to its Jewish roots, as a new comic strip in Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth depicted the Golem as a government-funded superhero protecting Israel from its domestic and existential difficulties.
Popular culture
Books, films and games
Probably as a result of the popularity of Meyrink's work, the golem concept has found its way into various elements of popular culture. Examples include:
- The Golem of Prague has appeared in stories across many media, including the novels The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay, A Calculus of Angels, He, She and It, Pete Hamill's Snow in August, the 1990s cartoons The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest and Gargoyles, and the computer games Vampire: The Masquerade - Redemption and Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb.
- Czech writer Karel Čapek wrote the play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) in 1921, creating the word "robot" in the process. The Robots in R.U.R. are not machines, but synthetic humans made from a claylike goo.
- Also inspired in part by the story of the Golem of Prague, Ted Chiang wrote a short story "Seventy-Two Letters" which explores the role of language in the creation of golems. The story won the Sidewise Award for Alternate History in 2000. It can be found in the collection Stories of Your Life and Others.
- The science-fiction novel Kiln People by David Brin features short-lived duplicates of people created from mud, and a character named Maharal.
- Roger Zelazny uses the golem metaphorically as an android sparring partner, literally called a golem, in the novel This Immortal.
- The Discworld novel Feet of Clay by Terry Pratchett satirizes many of the cliches of the golem genre. Another Discworld novel, Going Postal sees golems trained as postmen, and compares them to the robots of Isaac Asimov. The oldest of these golems carries clay tablets on his arm and in his head, alluding to Jewish mythology.
- The television program The X-Files aired an episode "Kaddish", in which a young Hasidic woman creates a Golem to avenge her husband's murder by neo-nazis.
- The DC Comics superhero Ragman was created using the same formula required to make a golem, though it substituted rags instead of clay and required a human host to function. Another DC hero, the Monolith, is a golem.
- One issue of The 1970s Marvel Comics series The Invaders, which was set during World War II, involved someone in a Jewish ghetto creating a Golem to fight the Nazis. The Golem was eventually destroyed when the word emet on his forhead was changed to met.
- The 2004 Movie Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence uses the specific part of the myth of the golem regarding the Emet and met idea to give hint of an impending trap.
- In the Bartimaeus Trilogy book The Golem's Eye by Jonathon Stroud a golem is loose in London.
Tolkien's Gollum
Gollum is a wretched creature in J.R.R. Tolkien's fictional Middle-earth, made famous by his Lord of the Rings series. However Tolkien has stated that the name is not derived from Golem, but rather from the throaty sound the character makes.
Golems in modern games
Golems also appear as a popular feature of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game and many computer games inspired by it, such as NetHack, the Final Fantasy series, Ultima III: Exodus, the Heroes of Might and Magic series, Warlords Battlecry, Diablo II and the Kingdom of Loathing. In these games the word is generally used as an umbrella term to refer to automata and simulacra from many mythologies. The convention is that they are named after the material of construction. Examples include Clay golems (most like the original Jewish golem), Flesh golems (stiched-together abominations reminiscent of Frankenstein's creature), Iron golems (animated metal statues), and a host of others including gold golems, stone golems and paper golems.
The "mon" genre of video games often include a monster named "golem" or having golem-like qualities, usually animated rock or earth in a vaguely anthropomorphic shape, such as Golem from Pokémon and Golemon from Digimon.
The Golem in the Czech Republic
The Golem is a popular figure in the Czech Republic. There are several restaurants and other businesses named after him. Strongman René Richter goes by the nickname "Golem," and a Czech monster truck outfit calls itself the "Golem Team."
External links
- Background on the Golem Legends
- Rava's Golem (essay in the Summer '96 issue of the Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts)
- The Golem
- The Golem of Prague: Miracles of the Maharal (link may be broken)
- The Golem in Literature, Film, and Stage
- The Golem Group (robot builders)
- The Golem monster truck team (in Czech)
- A Golem restaurant in the Czech Republic
