Greater Poland Uprising

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Greater Poland Uprising of 1918–1919 (Polish: powstanie wielkopolskie 1918–19 roku) was a military insurrection of the Polish people in the Greater Poland region (also called the Grand Duchy of Poznań) against the German/Prussian forces.


Contents

Background

After the 1795 Third Partition of Poland, Poland ceased to exist as an independent state. From 1795 through the opening of World War I, several unsuccessful (with the exception of the 1806 uprising) uprisings to regain an independent state took place. By the end of World War I, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's proposition of his Fourteen Points for peace, were likely to meet opposition from the European nations that stood to lose any power or territory. For instance, even though Germany signed an armistice leading to a cease fire on November 11, 1918, many in Germany felt they had not lost the war and felt betrayed by their leadership. From Germany's standpoint, they signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Russia to settle the eastern frontiers. Therefore, from the date the armistice was signed until The Treaty of Versailles was fully ratified in 1920, and subsequent Treaty of Riga, many territorial and soveriegnty issues remained unresolved.

Wilson's proposal for an independant Poland did not difinitively set the borders of Poland that would be universally accepted. Most of the portion of Poland Partitioned by Prussia in the late 18th century was still claimed by Germany at the close of World War I with the rest of the subsequent Post WWI Polish state claimed by the Soviets. (some smaller portions by Austria-Hungary) The portion claimed by Germany included the territory of Greater Poland of which Poznan was a major industrial city. The majority Polish population in this region was uncertain whether they would be repatriated with the proposed new Polish nation.


The uprising


The spark that ignited the uprising was uncertain but some references point to the public speech of Ignacy Paderewski, a famous Polish pianist and politician, on 27 December 1918 and subsequent German counter manifestation. (There is still debate on whether the Polish or German soldiers started open hostilities.)

The Poles had begun serious preparations for an uprising since the day of the Kaiser's abdication 9 November 1918 when the Weimar Republic overthrew the previous government of the German Empire in the last days of World War I. Within a few hours of Paderewski's speech, Polish inhabitants of Poznan and other towns started a military uprising against Germany.

The uprising forces consisted of members of the Polish Military Organization of the Prussian Partition, who started to form the Straż Obywatelska (Citizen's Guard), renamed later to Straż Ludowa (People's Guard) and many volunteers — mainly veterans of the Great War. The ruling body was the Naczelna Rada Ludowa (High People's Council) — at the beginning members of the Council were against the uprising, but supported it a few days later: unofficially 3 January 1919; officially 8 and 9 January 1919 — and the military commanders: Captain Stanisław Taczak (promoted to major, temporary commander 28 December 1918 – 8 January 1919) and later General Józef Dowbór-Muśnicki.

The timing of the uprising was optimum, since from October of 1918 through the first months of 1919, internal conflict weakened Germany, with soldiers and sailors revolting against the monarchy and its hawkish generals. Demoralized by the defeat in the war, which was made official on November 11th, Germany was embroiled in the German Revolution.

By 15 January 1919, the uprising forces managed to take control of most of the Poznan province engaging in heavy fighting with the regular but demoralized German army and the forces of Grenzschutz, up until the German-Allies ceasefire on 16 February, where the French delegation forced Germany and other countries to recognize Great Poland's Army as Allied Forces. The Poznan high command was subjugated to the Warsaw government on 25 May 1919. The front in Greater Poland was liquidated on 8 March 1920. The fate of the territory of Great Poland was part of the Treaty of Versailles.

Appraisal

The Greater Poland Uprising is considered to be one of the two most successful Polish uprisings: the second was the Great Poland Uprising of 1806 which was ended by the entry of Napoleon's Army.

Timeline of uprising

Events before

  • January 1916 – creation of Secret Inter-Party Citizen's Committee (pl. Tajny Międzypartyjny Komitet Obywatelski) formed by members of Reichstag of Polish nationality.
  • July 1918 – network of local Citizens' Committees is created on area of Prussian Partition.
  • 11 October 1918 – Polish organizations in German Reich publicize common document in which they declare will to create independent Polish state.
  • 9 November 1918 – beginning of German Revolution, also in Great Poland. Poles are organising secret military structures in Poznań garrison, Jarocin and Inowrocław. Continuation of storing weapons and ammunition stolen from army's magazines.
  • 10 November 1918 – events of so-called Republika Ostrowska.
  • 11 November 1918
    • capitulation of Germany, end of World War I.
    • Citizens' Guard (Straż Obywatelska), renamed a few days later to People's Guard (Straż Ludowa) comes out of underground. Mayor of Poznań Ernst Wilms is removed from office. German military authorities give permission for functioning of People's Guard to keep peace in Province of Posen.
  • 12 November 1918
  • 13 November 1918
    • Commission of High People's Council calls citizens of Prussian Partition to keep calm in spite of revolution.
    • "Assassination on City Hall" – When dominated by Germans Execution Department of Eorker's and Soldier's Council proceeded in Poznań's City Hall, an armed group of Poles forces them to change four of German Delegates and replace them with Poles: Bohdan Hulewicz, Mieczysław Paluch, Henryk Śniegocki and Zygmunt Wiza. Due to this event, Poles get control over Headquarters of Poznań Garrison and 5th Corps.
  • 17 November 1918 – Commission of NRL calls to one-time collection of money called "national tax".
  • 18 November 1918 – elections to Poviat's People's Councils and members of Partition's Sejm (1399 MPs).
  • 20 November 1918 – in exposé of Polish government in Warsaw: przyłączenie Wielkopolski będzie jednym z pierwszych naszych zadań (joining of Great Poland will be one of our first tasks).
  • December 1918 – forcing of creation of underground army by Poles.
  • 3 December 1918 – beginning of proceeding of Partition Sejm in Poznań, in building of "Apollo" Cinema. MPs were representing all lands of Prussian Partition and Polish economic emigration, mainly from Westfalen.
  • 5 December 1918 – end of Partition Sejm, which declared will of unification with other Partitions in re-born Poland and legalised NRL officially electing its members.
  • 6 December 1918 – first meeting of NRL elected. Bolesław Krysiewicz becomes a Speaker. Election of executing body – Commission of NRL formed by representatives of: Great Poland - Stanisław Adamski and Władysław Seyda; Upper Silesia – Wojciech Korfanty and Józef Rymer; Eastern Pommerania – Stefan Łaszewski; Cuiavia – Adam Poszwiński. For better work subcommissions were established in Bytom and Gdańsk.
  • 11 December 1918 – Polish language and teaching of religion in Polish returns to schools.
  • 15 December 1918 – Polish government in Warsaw breaks diplomatic relations with Germany.
  • 26 December 1918 – Ignacy Paderewski arrives at Poznań. German authorities were against this visit but unit of People's Guard did not stopped German officers' delegation with order of living Poznań.

Uprising

Image:Pomnik Powstańców Wlkp Poznań detal.jpg

  • 27 December 1918 – in evening, uprising starts from shooting in front of Poznań's Police Headquarters, which was opposite to building of "Arkadia" Theater (Franciszek Ratajczak is killed) and Hotel "Bazar". Fights also start in other towns. Jan Mertka dies under Boczków (both victims are mentioned in bulletin of NRL). Szamotuły, Środa Wielkopolska, Pniewy, Opalenica, Buk, Trzemeszno, Września and Gniezno are liberated. Poles in Poznań capture main train station, Main Post Office and part of city fortifications.
  • 28 December 1918
    • Poles in Poznań capture Cytadela (fort Winiary, main stronghold), fort Grolmann and armory on Wielkie Garbary Str. (today Garbary Str.)
    • Commission of NRL promotes Captain Stanisław Taczak to temporary commander-in-chief of uprising (he is also promoted to rank of major).
  • 29 December 1918 – Poles capture Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Kłecko, Kórnik, Wielichowo, Gostyń, Witkowo and others.
  • 30 December 1918
    • Failure of peace talks with Germans, who refuse to take responsibility for causing fights on 27 December.
    • In Poznań Poles force 6th Regiment of Grenadiers from their barracks. After talks, Regiment leaves City with weapon.
    • Liberation of Wronki, Wągrowiec, Gołańcza. Polish soldiers stop German offensive against Gniezno near Zdziechowa.
  • 31 December 1918
  • 1 January 1919
  • 3 January 1919 – to avoid anarchy in Great Poland, Committee of NRL decides to take over control of spontanic uprising, but also decides that this decision should be kept in secret.
  • 4 January 1919 – Commission of NRL decrees new President of Province of Posen, Wojciech Trampczyński. German authorities call to boycott new President.
  • 5 January 1919 – Czarnków, Jutrosin, Kruszwica, Nakło, Nowy Tomyśl, Miejska Górka, Rawicz, Strzelno and Wolsztyn are captured by Poles.
  • 6 January 1919
  • 7 January 1919
    • Poles divide captured lands into seven Military Districts (Okręg Wojskowy).
    • Germans recapture Chodzież and Czarnków.
  • 8 January 1919
    • Commission of NRL takes all civil and military authority without giving territorial range of this power. Also promotes General Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki to commander-in-chief of uprising forces.
    • Poles recapture Chodzież (Battle of Chodzież) and Czarnków. They also win Battle of Ślesin and capture Sieraków.
  • 9 January 1919
    • NRL officially announces taking control over Great Poland. Beginning of polonisation of administration, most anti-polish officials are fired. In Poviats Germand landrats are subordinated to Polish starostas, which in future takes all their power.
    • Poles lose Nakło.
  • 10 January 1919 – fights on southern front near Kąkolewo, Leszno and Rydzyna. Poles capture Sarnowa.
  • 11 January 1919 – Germans recapture Sarnowa and win in Battle of Zbąszyń; Polish victory in Battle of Szubin and they capture Łabiszyn, Złotniki and Żnin.
  • 12 January 1919 – fights near Leszno and Lipno.
  • 13 January 1919 – Germans recapture Szamocin.
  • 14 January 1919 – Commission of NRL appeals to Roman Dmowski for help on negotiation of ceasefire.
  • 15 January 1919 – failed try to recapture Szamocin by Poles.
  • 16 January 1919
    • First number of Tygodnik Urzędowy Naczelnej Rady Ludowej with laws of NRL is published.
    • In central Polish government of Ignacy Paderewski are two politicians of Great Poland: Józef Englich - minister of treasury and Kazimierz Hącia - minister of industry and trade.
  • 17 January 1919 – Men born in years 1897, 1898 and 1899 are mobilised to Great Polish Army.
  • 20 January 1919 – transfer of Money to banks of Reich on other side of front line is forbidden.
  • 21 January 1919
    • NRL writes oath of Soldiers of Great Polish Army.
    • Evidence of false information about Polish attacks on German civilians published by authorities in Berlin with evidence of behavior like that of German side are sent to Paris. Contemporary NRL appeals to Allies asking for military mission, showing possibility of fighting of Great Polish Army against Bolsheviks. Many publications about situation in Great Poland appear in Western newspapers.
  • 22 January 1919
    • On northern front, Poles are forced to leave Potulice.
    • On southern front, Poles win Battle of Robaczysko.
    • Joseph Noules is nominated by Highest Council of Allied Countries as chief of Allied mission in Poland.
  • 23 January 1919 – Poles defend Miejska Górka after heavy fights.
  • 25 January 1919
    • Poles capture Babimost and Kargowa.
    • All communication between Great Poland and Reich is broken.
    • Decree that canceled of all Prussian forbiddens against Polish language in schools.
  • 26 January 1919 – Soldiers of Great Polish Army with commander Gen. J. Dowbór-Muśnicki give oath on Wilhelm Platz, renamed on Plac Wolności (Freedom Square) in Poznań.
  • 28 January 1919 – German offensive in area of Bydgoszcz and Nakło. Battle of Rynarzewo. Germans capture Szubin.
  • 29 January 1919 – Roman Dmowski gives speech in front of Highest Council of Allied Countries in which he shows Polish rights to Prussian Partition, contemporary accusing Germans for their two-faced polices.
  • 2 February 1919 – beginning of Polish-German talks in Berlin.
  • 3 February 1919 – Poles stop German offensive on northern front. Their counterattack throws Germans on northern bank of Noteć. Poles recapture Rynarzewo and win Battle of Kcynia.
  • 4 February 1919
    • Poles recapture Szubin; heavy fights on southern front near Rawicz.
    • Beginning of talks between Polish government in Warsaw with Commission of NRL about representation of Great Poland in Sejm Ustawodawczy.
  • 5 February 1919 – Failure of talks in Berlin. German conditions were: demobilisation of Great Polish Army, recognition by Poland of German claims to Great Poland and payment by Polish side for all damage made during uprising. In spite of this, Entente still remarks that both sides are ready for peace talks.
  • 6 February 1919 – end of talks about representation of Prussian Partition in Sejm Ustawodawczy. With regard to fact that Great Poland, Cuiavia, Silesia and Pommeranai are still officially part of Reich, to avoid international repercussions, Polish government and NRL decide to resign from planned election of 126 MPs, giving temporary right of representation of Prussian Partition 16 MPs of Reichstag.
  • 7 February 1919
    • Heavy fights in Kolno, which was captured many times by both sides.
    • Commission of NRL promotes 122 former NCOs of German Army to rank of Second Lieutenant.
    • Chief of state Józef Piłsudski signs decree officially allowing 16 MPs from Prussian Partition to participate in Sejm Ustawodawczy.
  • 9 February 1919 – Poles stop German offensive near Trzciel.
  • 10 February 1919 – Poles stop German attack near Rawicz.
  • 11 February 1919 – Commission of NRL dissolves all town councils, giving 25 March as term of elections of new self-governments.
  • 12 February 1919 – Germans use armoured train to capture Kargowa and Babimost, but their offensive is stopped near Kopanica.
  • 14 February 1919
    • Beginning of talks about prolongation of ceasefire after WWI. German delegation is against extending it for Great Poland, but France forces them to allow this condition.
    • Germans' Main Headquarters is moved to Kołobrzeg as a part of preparation for using all forces against Great Poland.
  • 16 February 1919 – prolongation of Allied-German ceasefire in Trewir is signed, which also referred to front in Great Poland. Contemporary Great Polish Army is recognized as Allied Forces.

Between ceasefire and reunification

  • 18 February 1919 – In spite of ceasefire, there are fights near Rynarzewo. Poles capture armoured train.
  • 9 February 1919 – Volunteer company of Great Polish soldiers moves to Lesser Poland to fight against Ukrainians.
  • 20 March 1919 – Östmarkenzulage – special addition for German officials working in eastern provinces, which had to stimulate German colonization of Prussian Partition, is canceled.
  • 23 March 1919 – Poles win vast majority in election to City Council of Poznań.
  • 24 March 1919 – Commission of NRL ask Polish Government in Warsaw to create separate administration of ex-Prussian Partition, as it is much better developed than rest of the country. Ignacy Paderewski forces government to leave all power in hands of NRL in those lands till final recognition of Polish-German border, and in future creation of autonomy of those lands (after all only Upper Silesia received it). NRL mobilises men born in 1891, 1892, 1893, 1894 and 1901.
  • 5 April 1919 – Sejm Ustawodawczy announces by-elections in ex-Province of Posen for next 42 MPs.
  • 9 April 1919 – Commission of NRL decrees 8-hour work-day in industry and trade.
  • 10 April 1919 – Commission of NRL decrees removing all signs in German language from offices and train stations, and changes all streets names into Polish. Punishment for breaking this law was 2 years of prison and 10 000 Polish marks.
  • 16 April 1919 – NRL decides that 3 May will be national holiday.
  • 7 May 1919 – Wszechnica Piastowska is opened.
  • 15 May 1919 – Polish language becomes only official language. German language is only auxiliary, contemporary lack of Polish officials German is still used in judiciary till 1920.
  • 25 May 1919 – Army of Great Poland is subjugated to Headquarters of Polish Army, but keeps its separate organisation.
  • 30 May 1919 – People's Guard is transformed to Home Defence (Obrona Krajowa).
  • 1 June 1919 – by-elections of MPs to Sejm Ustawodawczy.
  • 6 June 1919
    • minor fights near Bydgoszcz.
    • Rising threat of German offensive induces Commission of NRL to introduce state of emergency in all lands under its jurisdiction, and in belt of 20 km from front line martial law. A few days later, NRL announces penalty of death for acting against Great Polish Army or in interest of German Army.
  • 18 June 1919 – minor fights near Rynarzewo.
  • 28 June 1919 – Treaty of Versailles gives almost all of Great Poland to Poland.
  • 1 July 1919
    • Commission of NRL raises border duty border with ex-Kingdom of Poland.
    • artillery fire on front.
  • 9 July 1919 – outside of 20 km belt near front, state of emergency is canceled.
  • 10 July 1919 – preceedings of Polish Government with whole Commission of NRL about further policy in Former Prussian Partition (Były Zabór Pruski). There was taken decision about creation of Ministry of Former Prussian Partition (Ministerstwo Byłej Dzielnicy Pruskiej).
  • 1 August 1919 – Sejm Ustawodawczy votes resolution about "Temporary organisation of government in former Prussian Partition" (O tymczasowej organizacji zarządu byłej dzielnicy pruskiej), creating Ministry of Former Prussian Partition and plan of gradual unification of Great Poland with rest of country.
  • 12 August 1919 – Władysław Seyda becomes first Minister of Former Prussian Partition.
  • 19 August 1919 – NRL is dissolved.
  • 28 August 1919 – Headquarters of Polish Army gives daily order No. 216 in which Great Polish Army is swiched in structures of Polish Army, and its Headquarters is transformed to Headquarters of 7th Corps.
  • 6 November 1919 – Commission of NRL is dissolved.
  • 10 January 1920 – ratification of Treaty of Versailles, according to which Polish forces in Great Poland should take control over small pieces of Great Poland's territories given to Poland that are resisting under German control and Eastern Pommerania.
  • 13 January 1920 – Headquarters of Great Poland front gives order to preparation for realise Treaty of Versailles.
  • 17 January 1920 – beginning of taking of control over lands given to Poland.
  • 8 March 1920 – liquidation of front in Great Poland.

Epilogue

  • 24 March 2005 – last Polish fighter of uprising, Lieutenant Jan Rzepa, dies at age 106.

References

  • Antoni Czubiński, Powstanie Wielkopolskie 1918–1919. Geneza-charakter-znaczenie, Poznań 1978
  • Antoni Czubiński, Rola Powstania Wielkopolskiego w walce narodu polskiego o powstrzymanie niemieckiego >parcia na wschód<, Przegląd Zachodni 1968, nr 5-6
  • A.Czubiński, Z.Grot, B.Miśkiiewcz, Powstanie Wielkopolskie 1918–1919. Zarys dziejów, Warszawa 1978
  • K.Dembski, Wielkopolska w początkach II Rzeczypospolitej. Zagadnienia prawno-ustrojowe, Poznań 1972
  • Roman Dmowski, Polityka polska i odbudowanie państwa 1925
  • Z.Grot (ed.), Powstanie wielkopolskie 1918–1919, Poznań 1968
  • Z.Grot, I.Pawłowski, M.Pirko, Wielkopolska w walce o niepodległość 1918–1919. Wojskowe i polityczne aspekty Powstania Wielkopolskiego, Warszawa 1968
  • P.Hauser, Niemcy wobec sprawy polskiej X 1918–VI 1919, Poznań 1984
  • K.Kandziora, Działalność POW w Poznaniu. Przyczynek do historii Polskiej Organizacji Wojskowej zaboru pruskiego w latach 1918–1919, Warszawa 1939
  • S.Kubiak, Niemcy w Wielkopolska 1918–1919, Poznań 1969
  • Materiały Sesji Naukowej z okazji 50-lecia Powstania Wielkopolskiego 1918/1919, Zaszyty Naukowe UAM 1970, Historia t.10
  • Witold Mazurczak, Anglicy i wybuch powstania wielkopolskiego. Z dziejów genezy brytyjskiej misji płka H.H.Wade'a w Polsce, [in:] Antoni Czubiński (ed.), Polacy i Niemcy. Dziesięć wieków sąsiedztwa, PWN, Warszawa 1987
  • Janusz Pajewski, Rodział XXII. Powstanie Wielkopolskie, [in:] J.Pajewski, Odbudowa państwa polskiego 1914–1918, Warszawa 1985,
  • Janusz Pajewski, Znaczenia Powstania Wielkopolskiego dla odbudowy Państwa Polskiego w 1918 r., Zeszyty Naukowe UAM, Historia 1970, t.10
  • S.Rybka, Zerwane pęta. Wspomnienia z dni rewolucji niemieckiej i powstania polskiego 1918-1919, Poznań 1919
  • A.Rzepecki, Powstanie grudniowe w Wielkopolsce. 27 XII 1918, Poznań 1919
  • Z.Wieliczka, Wielkopolska w Prusy w dobie powstania 1918/1919, Poznań 1932
  • Z.Wroniak, Paderewski w Poznaniu, Kronika Miasta Poznania 1959, nr 4
  • H.Zieliński, Rola powstania wielkopolskiego oraz powstań śląskich w walce o zjednoczenie ziem zachodnich z Polską; (1918-1921), [in:] Droga przez Półwiecze.

The Greater Poland Uprisings

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