Duke of Braganza
From Freepedia
The Duchy of Bragança or Braganza is one of the most important titles of the Portuguese Royal Family. Since the accession to the throne of the Dynasty of Bragança, in 1640, the heir of the Portuguese Crown was the Duke of Bragança together with or alternately to Prince of Beira. The tradition of the heir to the throne being titled Duke of Braganza is now revived by various pretenders after the foundation of the Republic in October 5 1910, to signify their claims to the throne.
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History
The Duchy of Bragança was created in 1442 by king Afonso V of Portugal for his uncle Afonso, Count of Barcelos (natural son of John I of Portugal). Along with the duchies of Coimbra and Viseu created by João I for his sons Dom Pedro and Dom Henrique after their capture of Ceuta from the Moors in 1415, it is one of the first duchies of Portugal.
The Braganças soon became the most powerful house of the kingdom, due to the enrichment methods of Afonso, the first duke. He always sought royal favour with his father king João (John I) and his younger brother (King Duarte). When his six-year-old nephew became King Afonso V of Portugal, Afonso of Braganza was the king's most cherished councillor. This would provoke a short civil war against his brother Pedro, Duke of Coimbra that resulted in the latter's death in the Battle of Alfarrobeira in 1449.
The growing power of the Braganças was suppressed in the next generation. King João II was very strict on what royal power should be and not to keen on allowing the development of competing principalities within his own borders. He executed the third duke, Fernando II, for treason, based on letters written to the king of Castile, as well as executed the duke of Viseu. Later the king annexed the Bragança lands and riches to the crown and exiled the four-year-old heir, Jaime, to Castile.
João II's successor, King Manuel I of Portugal was uncle of Jaime and, in 1500, he recalled his nephew to Portugal, returning to him the titles and (part of) the lands of Bragança. The house was once again one of the highest and mightiest in the country. Jaime of Bragança ordered the construction of a monumental Palace at Vila Viçosa, which would become one of the royal palaces in the 17th century.
The sixth duke, João, married Princess Catarina of Portugal and sired the courageous seventh duke Teodósio, who fought actively in the Battle of Alcacer Quibir (1578) when only ten years old.
Meanwhile, the Portuguese kingdom was in crisis. King Sebastian I of Portugal disappeared from the face of the earth in Africa in 1578. He was unmarried, childless and the crown passed to his great-uncle Cardinal Henry I of Portugal, an old man without children himself. On Henry I's death in 1580, King Philip II of Spain became Philip I of Portugal and the country lost its independence. Infanta dona Catarina, Duchess of Braganza, made claim to the throne but was denied, mostly due to her gender. Her late elder sister, the Duchess of Parma, had left a son, Rainuccio of Parma (Farnese) who would have been the senior heir of Portugal, but who was underage, lived in Italy, and whose family was Philip's allies and even subjects. Dona Catarina and her husband Duke Joao had the combined claim of Catarina herself and of Joao's great-grandmother, king Manoel's sister. Philip had the right of his mother Isabella, a daughter of Manoel I and sister of Catarina's father and sister of Henry.
By 1640 the wise policies of Philip II in respect of Portugal were long past. The country was overtaxed, Portuguese overseas possessions were left unprotected and the Spanish king, Philip IV of Spain (III of Portugal), no longer had the trust or support of the majority of the Portuguese nobility. He was especially loathed by the powerful Portuguese guild of merchants. Portugal was on the verge of rebellion and a new Portuguese king had to be found. The choice fell upon the eighth duke, João II of Bragança, who had a claim both through his grandmother, Princess Catarina, and through his great-great-grandfather, the 4th duke, nephew of King Manuel. The duke was a modest man without particular ambitions to the crown. Legend says that his wife, Leonor of Guzman, daughter of the duke of Medina-Sidónia, urged him to accept the offer saying, I'd rather be Queen for one day than duchess for a lifetime. He accepted the leadership of the rebellion, which was successful, and was acclaimed João IV of Portugal on December 1 1640.
After the accession of the Braganças to the throne, the duchy was linked to the Crown and the Duke of Bragança became the traditional title of the heir to the Crown, together with or alternate to Prince of Beira, as Prince of Wales is in the United Kingdom.
In February 1 1908, king Carlos I of Portugal was murdered with his eldest son and heir, Luis Filipe, 21st duke of Bragança. He was succeeded by Manuel II of Portugal but for a short time: in October 5 1910, a Republic was instituted and the king was exiled. He settled in England. After this, the duchy of Bragança allegedly passed to Miguel II, son of the exiled king Miguel I of Portugal, who was living in the Austrian Empire. His branch of the Bragança family became heir to the crown in 1932 when Manuel II died without children. The Braganças were officially allowed to return to the country in 1950 and have lived there ever since.
Presently, the duke of Bragança and Portuguese heir is Duarte Pio of Bragança (born 1945). Unlike some European countries like Greece, which continues to forbid the presence of the heirs of former royal houses in their lands, republican Portugal and its claimants to the throne have long been reconciled, with the current duke highly regarded throughout Portugal, a fact shown when among the guests at his wedding was the Portuguese President of the Republic and the country's prime minister. The Duke of Bragança is sometimes described as the living representative of the country's history, with the birth of his children, the next generation of Portugal's ex-royals, becoming a focus of national celebration.
Dukes of Bragança
Note: dates are birth and death; the intermediate date represents accession as duke
- 1st Afonso I, Duke of Bragança (1370-1442-1461) Illegitimate son of King John I.
- 2nd Fernando I, Duke of Bragança (1403-1478), governor of Ceuta
- 3rd Fernando II of Bragança (1430-e.1483), executed for treason by order of King João II of Portugal married Princess Isabella, sister of King Manuel I and daughter of the Infante Duke of Viseu, thus having rights of succession to the throne.
- 4th Jaime, Duke of Bragança (1479-1500-1532), builder of the Palace of Vila Viçosa, as heir of his mother a potential heir of crown of Portugal
- 5th Teodósio I, Duke of Bragança (1520-1563), a man of the arts, wrote books on sculpture
- 6th João I, Duke of Bragança (1543-1583), married to princess Catherine of Portugal, one of potential heiresses to King Henry's throne.
- 7th Teodósio II, Duke of Bragança (1568-1630), who fought a battle when only 10 years-old
- 8th João II, Duke of Bragança (1604-1656), crowned King João IV of Portugal in December 1 1640
- 9th Teodósio III, Duke of Braganza, Prince of Portugal (1634-1645-1653). Eldest son of King John IV.
- 10th King Afonso VI of Portugal (Afonso II, Duke of Braganza) (1643-1653-1683)
- 11th King João V of Portugal (João III, Duke of Braganza) (1689-1750)
- 12th King José I of Portugal (José I, Duke of Braganza) (1714-1777)
- 13th Queen Maria I of Portugal (Maria I, Duchess of Braganza) (1734-1816)
- 14th José II, Duke of Braganza, Prince of Portugal (1761-1788) Eldest son of Queen Maria I.
- 15th King João VI of Portugal (João IV, Duke of Braganza) (1767-1826)
- 16th King Pedro IV of Portugal (Pedro I, Duke of Braganza) (1798-1834)
- 17th King Miguel of Portugal (Miguel I, Duke of Braganza) (1802-1866) (in exile after 1834)
- 18th Queen Maria II of Portugal (Maria II, Duchess of Braganza) (1819-1853)
- 19th King Pedro V of Portugal (Pedro II, Duke of Braganza) (1837-1861)
- 20th King Carlos of Portugal (Carlos, Duke of Braganza) (1863-k.1908), killed with his son, the 21st duke
- 21st Luis Filipe, Duke of Braganza, Prince of Portugal (1887-k.1908). Eldest son of Carlos I.
- 22nd Miguel II, Duke of Braganza (1853-1910-1927), son of King Miguel I, general of the Austrian Empire
- 23rd Duarte I, Duke of Braganza (1907-1920-1976)
- 24th Duarte II, Duke of Braganza (born 1945, present heir to the throne of Portugal)
Claimants of the Duchy of Braganza
- Claimants of the Duchy of Braganza (about Maria Pia of Braganza, Dom Rosario and the Duke of Loulé)
See also
- List of Portuguese monarchs
- Kings of Portugal family tree
- House of Burgundy
- House of Aviz
- Philippine House
- House of Braganza
- Timeline of Portuguese history
