Leo
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- For other uses, see Leo (disambiguation).
| Leo | |
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click for larger image | |
| Abbreviation | Leo |
| Genitive | Leonis |
| Symbology | the Lion |
| Right ascension | 11 h |
| Declination | 15° |
| Area | 947 sq. deg. Ranked 12th |
| Number of stars (magnitude < 3) | 3 |
| Brightest star | Regulus (α Leo) (App. magnitude 1.4) |
| Meteor showers | |
| Bordering constellations |
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| Visible at latitudes between +90° and −65° Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of April | |
Leo (Image:LeoLion symbol.png, Latin for lion) is a constellation of the zodiac. Leo lies between dim Cancer to the west and Virgo to the east.
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Notable features
This constellation contains many bright stars, such as Regulus (α Leonis), the lion's heart; Denebola (β Leonis); and γ1 Leonis (Algieba). Many other fainter stars have been named as well, such as δ Leo (Zosma), θ Leo (Chort), κ Leo (Al Minliar al Asad ), λ Leo (Alterf), and (ο Leo (Subra).
Regulus, η Leonis, and γ Leonis, together with the fainter stars ζ Leo (Adhafera), μ Leo (Ras Elased Borealis), and ε Leo (Ras Elased Australis), make up the asterism known as the Sickle. These stars represent the head and the mane of the lion.
A former asterism representing the tuft of the lion's tail has since become its own constellation, Coma Berenices.
The star Wolf 359, one of the nearest stars to Earth's solar system (7.7 light-years), is in Leo. Gliese 436, a faint star in Leo about 33 light years away from the Sun, is orbited by one of the smallest extrasolar planets ever found. [1]
Notable deep sky objects
Leo contains many bright galaxies of which the twins M65, M66 and M95, M96 are the most famous.
History of the name
Early Hindu astronomers knew it as Asleha and as Sinha, the Tamil Simham but later, influenced by Greece and Rome, as Leya or Leyaya, from the word Leo, as the Romans commonly called it.
Ovid wrote it as Herculeus Leo and Violentus Leo. Bacchi Sidus (Star of Bacchus) was another of its titles, the god always being identified with this animal, and its shape the one often adopted by him in his numerous transformations, while a lion's skin was his frequent dress. But Manilius had it Jovis et Junonis Sidus (Star of Jove and Juno), as being under the guardianship of these deities, perhaps appropriately considering its regal character, especially that of its lucida.
The Persians called it Ser or Shir; the Turks, Artan; the Syrians, Aryo; the Jews, Arye; and the Babylonians, Aru - all meaning a lion. In Euphratean astronomy it was additionally known as Gisbar-namru-sa-pan, variously translated, but by Bertin, as the Shining Disc which precedes Bel, "Bel" being our Ursa Major, or in some way intimately connected therewith.
History of the symbol
The adoption of this animal's form for the zodiac sign has been attributed to the fact that when the Sun was among its stars in midsummer the lions of the desert left their accustomed haunts for the banks of the Nile, where they could find relief from the heat in the waters of the inundation. Pliny wrote that the Egyptians worshipped the stars of Leo because the rise of their great river was coincident with the Sun's entrance among them. For the same reason the Sphinx is said to have been sculptured with Leo's body and the head of the adjacent Virgo, although Egyptologists maintain that this head represented one of the early kings, or the god Harmachis.
Distinct reference is made to Leo in an inscription of the walls of the Ramesseum at Thebes, which, like the Nile temples generally, was adorned with the animal's bristles, while on the planisphere of Dendera its figure is shown standing on an outstretched serpent. The Egyptian stellar Lion, however, comprised only a part of ours, and in the earliest records some of its stars were shown as a knife, as they now are as a sickle. Kircher gave its title there as Πιμεντεκεων, Cubitus Nili.
The astrological symbol Image:LeoLion symbol.png has been supposed to portray the animal's mane, but it also might be the animal's tail. Gaius Julius Hyginus's writing published in 1488 and Albumasar's in 1489 showing this latter member of extraordinary length, twisting between the hind legs and over the back, Hygnus's manuscript properly locating the star Denebola in the end. But the International Dictionary says that this symbol is a corruption of the initial letter of Λεων (Leon). Lajard's Cultes de Mithra mentions the hieroglyph of Leo as among the symbols of Mithraic worship, but how their Lion agreed, if at all, with ours is not known.
Mythology
In Greek mythology, it was identified as the Nemean Lion (and may have been a source of the tale) which was killed by Herakles during one of his twelve labours, and subsequently put into the sky.
Astrology
The Western astrological sign Leo of the tropical zodiac (July 23 - August 22) differs from the astronomical constellation and the Hindu astrological sign of the sidereal zodiac (August 10 - September 15).
In some cosmologies, Leo is associated with the classical element Fire, and thus called a Fire Sign (with Aries and Sagittarius). Leo is also one of the Fixed signs (along with Taurus, Scorpio, and Aquarius).
It is the domicile of the Sun. The Egyptian pharaoh Necepsos, and his philosopher Petosiris, taught that at the creation of the world the Sun rose here near Denebola, and hence Leo was Domicilium Solis, the emblem of fire and heat, and the "House of the Sun".
Each astrological sign is assigned a part of the body, viewed as the seat of its power. Leo rules the heart and spine.
Alchemy
In the symbolism of alchemy, Leo denoted the absorption or assimilation of one substance by another.
Stars
- Stars with proper names:
- Regulus or Cor Leonis or Kalb [Kabelaced, Al Kalb al Asad] or Rex (32/α Leo) 1.36
- < rēgulus The prince
- < cor leōnis The heart of the lion
- < القلب الأسد al-qalb[u] al-´asad The heart of the lion
- Regulus or Cor Leonis or Kalb [Kabelaced, Al Kalb al Asad] or Rex (32/α Leo) 1.36
- (94/β Leo) 2.14 Denebola [Deneb Alased, Deneb Aleet]
- < الذنب الأسد að-ðanab[u] al-asad The tail of the lion
- (94/β Leo) 2.14 Denebola [Deneb Alased, Deneb Aleet]
- (41/γ1 Leo) 2.01 Algieba [Al Gieba, Algeiba]
- < الجبهة al-jabha[h] The forehead
- (or perhaps Arabicized Latin juba The mane)
- (41/γ1 Leo) 2.01 Algieba [Al Gieba, Algeiba]
- (68/δ Leo) 2.56 Zosma [Zozma, Zozca, Zosca, Zubra] or Duhr [Dhur]
- (17/ε Leo) 2.97 Ras Elased [Ras Elased Australis] or Algenubi
- < رأس الأسد الجنوبي ra´s al-´asad aj-janūbiyy Southern lion head
- (17/ε Leo) 2.97 Ras Elased [Ras Elased Australis] or Algenubi
- (36/ζ Leo) 3.43 Adhafera [Aldhafera, Aldhafara]
- < الضفيرة ađ̧-đ̧afīra[h] The braid/curl (of the mane)
- (36/ζ Leo) 3.43 Adhafera [Aldhafera, Aldhafara]
- (4/λ Leo) 4.32 Alterf or Al Terf
- < الطرف aţ-ţarf The eye, the glance (of the lion)
- (4/λ Leo) 4.32 Alterf or Al Terf
- (24/μ Leo) 3.88 Rasalas [Ras Elased Borealis, Ras al Asad al Shamaliyy] or Alshemali
- < رأس الأسد الشمالي ra´s al-´asad aš-šamāliyy The northern lion head
- (24/μ Leo) 3.88 Rasalas [Ras Elased Borealis, Ras al Asad al Shamaliyy] or Alshemali
- (14/ο Leo) – double 3.52, 3.7 Subra
- Stars with Bayer designations:
- Stars with Flamsteed designations:
- 3 Leo 5.72; 7 Leo 6.32; 8 Leo 5.73; 9 Leo 6.61; 10 Leo 5.00; 11 Leo 6.63; 13 Leo 6.26; 18 Leo 5.67; 19 Leo 6.44; 20 Leo 6.10; 23 Leo 6.45; 34 Leo 6.43; 35 Leo 5.95; 37 Leo 5.42; 39 Leo 5.81; 40 Leo 4.78; 42 Leo 6.16; 43 Leo 6.06; 44 Leo 5.61; 45 Leo 6.01; 46 Leo 5.43; 48 Leo 5.07; 49 Leo 5.67; 54 Leo – double 4.30, 6.30; 55 Leo 5.91; 56 Leo 5.91; 64 Leo 6.48; 67 Leo 5.70; 71 Leo 7.31; 72 Leo 4.56; 75 Leo 5.18; 76 Leo 5.90; 79 Leo 5.39; 80 Leo 6.35; 81 Leo 5.58; 83 Leo – double 6.49, 7.57; comp. B has a planet; 85 Leo 5.74; 86 Leo 5.54; 88 Leo 6.27; 89 Leo 5.76; 90 Leo 5.95; 92 Leo 5.26; 93 Leo 4.50
- Other notable stars:
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Astronomy | Constellations of the Zodiac | Astrology |
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Aries (♈) | Taurus (♉) | Gemini (♊) | Cancer (♋) | Leo (♌) | Virgo (♍) | Libra (♎) | Scorpius/Scorpio (♏) | Ophiuchus | Sagittarius (♐) | Capricornus/Capricorn (♑) | Aquarius (♒) | Pisces (♓) |
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Constellations listed by Ptolemy |
| Andromeda | Aquarius | Aquila | Ara | Argo Navis | Aries | Auriga | Boötes | Cancer | Canis Major | Canis Minor | Capricornus | Cassiopeia | Centaurus | Cepheus | Cetus | Corona Australis | Corona Borealis | Corvus | Crater | Cygnus | Delphinus | Draco | Equuleus | Eridanus | Gemini | Hercules | Hydra | Leo | Lepus | Libra | Lupus | Lyra | Ophiuchus | Orion | Pegasus | Perseus | Pisces | Piscis Austrinus | Sagitta | Sagittarius | Scorpius | Serpens | Taurus | Triangulum | Ursa Major | Ursa Minor | Virgo |
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Constellations changed by Johann Bayer in the 1603 text Uranometria |
| Centaurus | split into | Centaurus | Crux |
| Leo | split into | Leo | Coma Berenices |
| Piscis Austrinus | split into | Piscis Austrinus | Grus |
| Sagittarius | split into | Sagittarius | Corona Australis |
| The 88 modern Constellations |
| Andromeda | Antlia | Apus | Aquarius | Aquila | Ara | Aries | Auriga | Boötes | Caelum | Camelopardalis | Cancer | Canes Venatici | Canis Major | Canis Minor | Capricornus | Carina | Cassiopeia | Centaurus | Cepheus | Cetus | Chamaeleon | Circinus | Columba | Coma Berenices | Corona Australis | Corona Borealis | Corvus | Crater | Crux | Cygnus | Delphinus | Dorado | Draco | Equuleus | Eridanus | Fornax | Gemini | Grus | Hercules | Horologium | Hydra | Hydrus | Indus | Lacerta | Leo | Leo Minor | Lepus | Libra | Lupus | Lynx | Lyra | Mensa | Microscopium | Monoceros | Musca | Norma | Octans | Ophiuchus | Orion | Pavo | Pegasus | Perseus | Phoenix | Pictor | Pisces | Piscis Austrinus | Puppis | Pyxis | Reticulum | Sagitta | Sagittarius | Scorpius | Sculptor | Scutum | Serpens | Sextans | Taurus | Telescopium | Triangulum | Triangulum Australe | Tucana | Ursa Major | Ursa Minor | Vela | Virgo | Volans | Vulpecula |
References
- Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, by Richard Allen Hinckley, Dover. ISBN 0486210790
- Dictionary of Symbols, by Carl G. Liungman, W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393312364
