Maharaja
From Freepedia
The word Maharaja (also spelled maharajah) is the Sanskrit for "high king" (a karmadharaya from maha "great" and rajan "king"). Its use is primarily for Hindu potentates (ruler or sovereign). The female equivalent to Maharaja is Maharani (or Maharanee), a title used either by the wife of a maharaja or by a woman ruling in her own right. In Hindi, the suffix 'a' is dropped so it is pronounced Maharaj.
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India
On the eve of independence in 1947, India (including present day Pakistan) consisted of more than 600 princely kingdoms each with its own raja (if the king were Hindu) or nawab/sultan (if he was Muslim).
The British directly ruled 1/3rd of India, the rest was ruled by the above mentioned princes under the considerable influence of British representatives in court.
The word maharaja may be construed to be simply "king" (as in Jammu and Kashmir), in spite of its literal translation as "great king". This was because only a handful of the kingdoms were truly powerful and wealthy enough for their rulers to be entitled kings; the remaining were minor principalities, towns or groups of villages. The word, however, still means emperor in contemporary Indian usage.
The title of Maharaja was not as common before the British colonization of India, upon which many rajas were elevated to maharajas, regardless of the fact that scores of these new maharajas ruled small kingdoms. Frequently a Raja was elevated to the rank of Maharaja for some reason unrelated to the eminence of the state, for example support in World War I or World War II. Two rajas who became maharajas in the twentieth century were the Maharaja of Cochin and the legendary Maharaja Jagatjit Singh of Kapurthala.
Some Hindu nobles in Hyderabad & Berar, like the Diwan (Prime Minister) Maharaja Sir Kishen Pershad, had this title also.
Variations of this title include Maharana (Udaipur), Maharawal (Dungarpur/Jaisalmer), Maharawat (Pratapgarh), Maharao (Kotah, Bundi), and Maharaol (Baria). "Maharajah" has taken on new spellings due to time change and migration. It has even been shortened to "Mahraj",and "Maraj" but the most common is, if course, "Maharajah" and "Maharaj"
Malaysia
In Malaysia, the title of the monarch of the state of Johor from 1873 to 1885. The title sultan was adopted later and is in current usage. Part of title was also used by Malay nobility, the most famous of whom was Bendahara Seri Maharaja Tun Mutahir of Malacca (executed 1509) and Datuk Maharaja Lela Pandak Endut of Perak (executed 1876). The palace marshal of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (king) of modern Malaysia is called Datuk Maharaja Lela Penghulu Istana Negara.
Aceh
Maharaja was also part of the titles of the Aceh nobility. In the past the title of Maharaja is given to leader of the unreigning noble family and the Prime Minister Maharaja Mangkubumi. The last Prime Minister of Aceh who was installed to be the Maharaja Mangkubumi was Habib Abdurrahman el Zahir. He also acted as the foreign affairs minister of Aceh. He was desposed to Jeddah by Netherlands in October 13 1878.
