Martin Waldseemüller

From Freepedia

Martin Waldseemüller (ca. 1470 - ca. 1521/1522) was a German cartographer. He was born in Radolfzell (or according to the Catholic Encyclopedia Wolfenweiler, near Freiburg, with his mother originating from Radolfzell) and studied at the university in Freiburg.

In 1507, working at Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in Lorraine, he produced a world globe and a large world map bearing the first use of the name "America". The globe and map were accompanied by a book Cosmographiae Introductio, an introduction to cosmography. The book includes a translation to Latin of the Quattuor Americi navigationes (Four Voyages of Amerigo), which is apparently a letter written by Amerigo Vespucci, although some historians consider it to have been a forgery written by its supposed recipient in Italy. The Cosmographiae describes why the name America was used: ab Americo Inventore ...quasi Americi terram sive Americam (from Amerigo the discoverer ...as if it were the land of Americus, thus America). Some hold that the Cosmographiae was written by Matthias Ringmann instead, or that it was a joint effort.

In 1513 Waldseemüller appears to have had second thoughts about the name, probably due to contemporary protests about Vespucci’s role in the discovery and naming of America. In his reworking of the Ptolemy atlas (written with Ringmann) the continent is labelled simply Terra Incognita (unknown land). However 1000 copies of the world map had been distributed and the original suggestion took hold. While North America was still called Indies in documents for some time it was eventually called America as well.

The map was lost for a long time, but a copy was found in a castle at Wolfegg in southern Germany by Joseph Fischer in 1901. It is still the only copy known in existence and was purchased by the Library of Congress in 2001. Four copies of the globe survive in the form of "gores" - printed maps that were intended to be cut out and pasted on to a ball. Only one of these lies in the Americas, residing at the University of Minnesota.

The mystery of the Pacific

Waldseemüller's 1507 map is intriguing for another reason, related to its naming of America as a new continent. It depicts North and South America astonishingly accurately, as two large continents, joined (or nearly so) by a narrow isthmus, with mountainous western coasts and a great ocean beyond separating them from Asia. However, the first European to set eyes on this ocean - the Pacific - was Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 - six years after Waldseemüller made his map. Until this time, it was still erroneously believed that the lands discovered by Columbus, Vespucci et al formed part of Asia and the Indies. Thus, there seems to be no way that Waldseemüller could have known about the Pacific. The historian Peter Whitfield has theorised that Waldseemüller incorporated the ocean into his map because Vespucci's accounts of the Americas, with their "savage" peoples, could not be reconciled with contemporary knowledge of China and the Indies. Thus, Waldseemüller reasoned, the newly discovered lands could not be part of Asia but must be separate from it - a leap of intuition that was later proved uncannily precise. [1]