Miocene
From Freepedia
The Miocene epoch is a period of time that extends from about 23 to 5.3 million years before the present. As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the start and end are well identified, but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are uncertain. The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell. Its name comes from the Greek words meion (less) and ceno (new) and means "less recent" because it has 18% (less than the Pliocene) of modern sea invertebrates. The Miocene follows the Oligocene Epoch and is followed by the Pliocene Epoch. The Miocene is the first epoch of the Neogene period.
The Miocene boundaries are not set at an easily identified worldwide event but rather at regional boundaries between the warmer Oligocene and the cooler Pliocene.
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Miocene Subdivisions
The Miocene faunal stages from youngest to oldest are:
| Messinian | (7.246 – 5.332 MYA) |
| Tortonian | (11.608 – 7.246 MYA) |
| Serravallian | (13.65 – 11.608 MYA) |
| Langhian | (15.97 – 13.65 MYA) |
| Burdigalian | (20.43 – 15.97 MYA) |
| Aquitanian | (23.03 – 20.43 MYA) |
The subdivisions within the Miocene are defined by the relative abundance of different species of calcareous nanofossils (calcite platelets shed by brown single-celled algae) and foraminifera (single-celled protists with diagnostic shells).
Miocene Climate
Climates remained moderately warm although slow global cooling that eventual led to the Pleistocene glaciations continued.
Miocene Paleogeography
Contis continued to drift toward their presente modernment.
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Miocene Flora
Grasses begin to spread, and along with them grazing herbivores develop.
Miocene Fauna
Both marine and continental fauna were fairly modern. Only in isolated South America and Australia did widely divergent fauna exist.
Mammals
Recognizable wolves, horses, beaver, deer, camels, whales, etc. existed in the Miocene.
Birds
Recognizable crows, ducks, and owls appear in the Miocene.
Miocene Oceans
The oceans continue cooling, and brown algae plants, called kelp, proliferate, supporting new species of sea life, including otters, fish and various invertebrates.
