Montreal Metro

From Freepedia

The Montreal Metro is the main form of public transportation within the city of Montreal and was the second metro system to be built in Canada, opening 12 years after the Toronto subway.

The Metro, operated by the Société de transport de Montréal (STM), was inaugurated on October 14, 1966, during the tenure of Mayor Jean Drapeau. Originally consisting of 26 stations on three separate lines, the Metro now incorporates 65 stations on four lines, serving the centre, east, and west of Montreal Island with a connection to Longueuil via the Yellow Line and, soon, Laval, originally to be completed in 2006, but now scheduled to be inaugurated in 2007.

1 History
- 1.1 Dates and Distances
2 Trains
3 Design
4 Operation
5 Metro Lines
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

History

The Montreal metro system was first built to service the 1967 World's Fair, Expo '67, held in the summer of 1967. Construction began in May, 1962, and the main lines (Green (Line 1), Atwater to Frontenac; and Orange (Line 2), Bonaventure to Henri-Bourassa) were opened in October, 1966, with the Yellow line (Line 4) (Berri-de-Montigny) to Longueuil, on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River) not opened until April, 1967. (Line 3, originally intended to be a surface train running in part through the existing railway tracks running under Mount Royal to Cartierville, was never built. It was considered more important to build Line 4 because of Expo '67. Line 3 now exists as a commuter train line.)

With the awarding of the 1976 Summer Olympics to Montreal, construction began in October 1971 for the extension of Line 1 from Frontenac to Honoré-Beaugrand to service the main Olympic site; the new stations were opened in June 1976.

Later, Line 1 was extended from Atwater to Angrignon (September 1978), while Line 2 was extended from Bonaventure to Place-Saint-Henri (April 1980), Snowdon (September 1981), Côte-Sainte-Catherine and Plamondon (January and June 1982), and Du Collège (January 1984).

Two years later, a new line (Blue (Line 5)) was built from De Castelnau to Saint-Michel (June 1986), with transfers to Line 2 at Jean-Talon, and Line 2 was extended further to Côte-Vertu (November 1986). Line 5 was then extended to Parc (June 1987), Acadie (March 1988), and the existing Snowdon station on line 2 (January 1988).

While a number of proposals for further expansion had been studied, the Quebec provincial government placed a moratorium on further metro construction. Only recently has construction begun on an extension of Line 2 from Henri-Bourassa under the Rivière des Prairies to Montmorency on the island of Laval (northwest of the island of Montreal); completion is expected in early 2007.

Other expansion proposals currently being considered involve Line 4 being extended a short distance beyond Longueuil–Université-de-Sherbrooke and Line 5 being extended farther northeast beyond Saint-Michel; the plan to extend Line 5 from Snowdon into the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce area of Montreal has apparently been discarded. Expansion plans may also be affected by the ageing of the existing metro cars, which may need to be replaced sometime in the future.

Dates and Distances

Line 1: Green — Angrignon - Honoré-Beaugrand (22.1 km / 27 stations)
Station	Opening Date	Interstation Distance
Angrignon	3 September 1978	844.29 m
Monk	3 September 1978	1062.85 m
Jolicoeur	3 September 1978	761.39 m
Verdun	3 September 1978	563.86 m
De L'Église	3 September 1978	812.30 m
LaSalle	3 September 1978	707.25 m
Charlevoix	3 September 1978	1077.31 m
Lionel-Groulx	3 September 1978	1387.74 m
Atwater	14 October 1966	681.54 m
Guy-Concordia (Guy)	14 October 1966	593.14 m
Peel	14 October 1966	296.52 m
McGill	14 October 1966	345.69 m
Place-des-Arts	14 October 1966	354.38 m
Saint-Laurent	14 October 1966	336.80 m
Berri-UQAM (Berri-de Montigny)	14 October 1966	378.76 m
Beaudry	21 December 1966	495.00 m
Papineau	14 October 1966	1157.57 m
Frontenac	19 December 1966	1003.95 m
Préfontaine	6 June 1976	383.43 m
Joliette	6 June 1976	766.88 m
Pie-IX	6 June 1976	621.85 m
Viau	6 June 1976	895.87 m
Assomption	6 June 1976	781.69 m
Cadillac	6 June 1976	518.51 m
Langelier	6 June 1976	621.79 m
Radisson	6 June 1976	716.99 m
Honoré-Beaugrand	6 June 1976	Terminus
Line 2: Orange — Côte-Vertu - Henri-Bourassa (24.8 km / 28 stations)
Station	Opening Date	Interstation Distance
Côte-Vertu	3 November 1986	777.24 m
Du Collège	9 January 1984	1281.69 m
De La Savane	9 January 1984	786.70 m
Namur	9 January 1984	988.47 m
Plamondon	29 June 1982	451.10 m
Côte-Sainte-Catherine	4 January 1982	693.00 m
Snowdon	7 September 1981	884.41 m
Villa-Maria	7 September 1981	1407.32 m
Vendôme	7 September 1981	1450.88 m
Place-Saint-Henri	28 April 1980	579.60 m
Lionel-Groulx	28 April 1980	758.60 m
Georges-Vanier	28 April 1980	530.60 m
Lucien-L'Allier	28 April 1980	381.60 m
Bonaventure	13 February 1967	392.60 m
Square-Victoria	6 February 1967	356.60 m
Place-d'Armes	14 October 1966	370.60 m
Champ-de-Mars	14 October 1966	720.50 m
Berri-UQAM (Berri-de-Montigny)	14 October 1966	579.10 m
Sherbrooke	14 October 1966	932.10 m
Mont-Royal	14 October 1966	499.60 m
Laurier	14 October 1966	746.10 m
Rosemont	14 October 1966	541.10 m
Beaubien	14 October 1966	712.10 m
Jean-Talon	14 October 1966	977.10 m
Jarry	14 October 1966	825.60 m
Crémazie	14 October 1966	1279.60 m
Sauvé	14 October 1966	771.60 m
Henri-Bourassa	14 October 1966	Current Terminus / Approx. 1250 m
Cartier	Early 2007	TBD
De La Concorde	Early 2007	TBD
Montmorency	Early 2007	Projected Terminus
Line 4: Yellow — Berri-UQAM - Longueuil (4.25 km / 3 stations)
Station	Opening Date	Interstation Distance
Berri-UQAM (Berri-de Montigny)	14 October 1966	2362.10 m
Jean-Drapeau (Île-Sainte-Hélène)	1 April 1967	1572.10 m
Longueuil—Université-de-Sherbrooke (Longueuil)	1 April 1967	Terminus
Line 5: Blue — Snowdon - Saint-Michel (9.7 km. / 12 stations)
Station	Opening Date	Interstation Distance
Snowdon	4 January 1988	959.60 m
Côte-des-Neiges	4 January 1988	764.60 m
Université-de-Montréal	4 January 1988	667.60 m
Édouard-Montpetit	4 January 1988	1090.60 m
Outremont	4 January 1988	728.60 m
Acadie	28 March 1988	727.60 m
Parc	15 June 1987	490.60 m
De Castelnau	16 June 1986	471.60 m
Jean-Talon	16 June 1986	839.60 m
Fabre	16 June 1986	644.50 m
D'Iberville	16 June 1986	607.60 m
Saint-Michel	16 June 1986	Terminus

(Source for dates and distances: Montreal by Metro.)

Trains

The Montreal Metro runs entirely underground and was the first metro in the world to exclusively use rubber tires instead of steel wheels. As noted in the STM official document, The Montreal Métro, a source of pride, the Metro runs entirely underground because at the time of its initial planning in the early 1960s rubber-tired metro technology was unable to operate in heavy winter conditions.

Rubber tires make the Metro exceptionally quiet, and also help the trains cars go uphill more easily and with less energy consumption than metal-wheeled metros. It is popularly said that the slopes required to allow the Yellow Line to pass underneath the Saint Lawrence River are too steep for steel-wheeled trains, although steel-wheeled metros negotiate similar slopes in New York City and Chicago.

All lines but the Yellow Line are equipped with automatic train controls. Signalling is effected though electrical pulses sent through the rails, and picked up by antennas mounted on the cars. The information sent conveys speed information, and it is up to the train automatic control to conform to the imposed speed. In case of manual control, signal indication is displayed by a second needle within the speedometer indicating the maximum permissible speed. The only wayside signals are point (switch/turnout) position indicators.

Trains are stopped at station stops with a precise odometer (accurate to plus or minus 5 centimetres) that is recalibrated at every station stop by the use of a beacon that is positioned before the station at the precise length of the platform, thus allowing the train control system to calculate exactly how many wheel turns to go before stopping after passing a second beacon positioned at the station entrance.

Two models of train are used:

Canadian Vickers MR-63 (delivered for the metro's opening in 1966)
Bombardier MR-73 (delivered in the 1970s)

MR-63 is used on the Green line and the MR-73 is used on the other three lines. Montreal's rolling stock is among the oldest still in use on any metro system in the world, and the STM is pressing the provincial government hard for the large investment necessary to replace the trains.

The MR-73 model produces the system's signature three-note sound when the train pulls out of a station. The three-note sound is produced by a piece of equipment called a peak chopper, which is used to power up the motors on the train in stages, to prevent a power surge. The notes are the same as the first three notes as Aaron Copland's "Fanfare for the Common Man", one of the musical themes for Expo '67, though this is apparently just a coincidence.

Design

Image:Montreal metro glass.jpg

The design of the Metro was heavily influenced by Montreal's winter conditions. Unlike other cities' metros, nearly all station entrances in Montreal are completely enclosed: usually in small, separate buildings with swiveling doors meant to mitigate the wind caused by train movements that can make doors difficult to open.

All separate entrances are set back from the sidewalk; as well several stations in downtown Montreal are directly connected to buildings, and thus have several entrances inside pre-existing buildings as well as street-level entrances, making the Metro an integral part of Montreal's famous underground city. Several metro entrances are also located within building façades. Only three stations have open entrances such as are prevalent in other cities.

Montreal's metro is renowned for its architecture and public art. Under the direction of Drapeau, a competition among Canadian architects was held to decide the design of each station, ensuring that every station was built in a different style by a different architect. Several stations, such as Berri-UQAM are important examples of modernist architecture, and various system-wide design choices were informed by the International Style.

Along with the Stockholm Metro, Montreal pioneered the installation of public art in the metro among capitalist countries, a practice that before hand was mostly found in Socialist and Communist nations (the Moscow Metro being a case in point). More than fifty stations are decorated with over one hundred works of public art, such as sculpture, stained glass, and murals by noted Quebec artists, including members of the famous art movement, the Automatistes.

Some of the most important works in the Metro include the stained-glass window at Champ-de-Mars station, the masterpiece of major Quebec artist Marcelle Ferron; and the Guimard entrance at Square Victoria station, like the famous metro entrances designed for the Paris Metro, donated in 1966 by the RATP to commemorate its cooperation in constructing the metro. Installed in 1967 (the 100th anniversary of Guimard's birth) this is the only authentic Guimard entrance in use outside Paris, although reproductions using original molds were given to Mexico City (see Bellas Artes station), Chicago (Van Buren Station on the Metra network) and Lisbon (Picoas station on the yellow line).

Operation

Image:Montreal-Metro-Rush Hour-01.png

Metro service starts at 05:30 and stops at 01:00 on weekdays and Sunday, and 01:30 on Saturday in order to accommodate people coming home later. However, the Blue Line stops service earlier, at 00:15 due to low traffic volume. During rush hour, there are three to five minutes between trains on the Orange and Green Lines. That interval however goes up to 12 minutes at night.

The Société de transport de Montréal operates both the Metro and the bus services in Montreal, thus there is free transfer possible between bus and Metro. Fare payment is via a barrier system, including magnetic tickets and passes, punched-card bus transfers, and non-magnetized reduced fare tickets.

Fares are partially integrated with the Agence métropolitaine de transport's commuter rail system, which links the Metro to the outer suburbs via four interchange stations.

Metro Lines

Image:Mtl-metro-map.png

The four current Montreal Metro lines are identified by colour, by number, or by terminus station. The terminus station in the direction of travel is used to differentiate between directions of travel. The busiest line is the Green Line, while the least busy is the Blue Line. The Yellow Line is the shortest line, with just three stations, and was built for the 1967 Montreal World's Fair. For now, it is the only Metro line that leaves the Island of Montreal, however that will change when the Orange Line is extended to Laval, a city to the north of Montreal, in 2007. Line 3 was intended to be an above-ground train that would use the CN Rail tracks running under Mount Royal, however this plan was cancelled and the Line 3 tracks are now used for the Deux-Montagnes commuter rail line. The Montreal Metro nonetheless continues to be numbered as if this proposed line had been constructed as line 3 of the Metro.

Line	Colour	Termini	Date	Length	Stations
1	Green	Angrignon ↔ Honoré-Beaugrand	1966	22.1 km	27
2	Orange	Côte-Vertu ↔ Henri-Bourassa	1966	24.8 km	28
4	Yellow	Berri-UQAM ↔ Longueuil–Université-de-Sherbrooke	1967	4.25 km	3
5	Blue</font>	Snowdon ↔ Saint-Michel	1986	9.7 km	12