Muskogean languages

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Image:Muskogean langs.png

Muskogean (also Muskhogean, Muskogee) is a language family of the U.S. Southeast. The Muskogean languages are generally divided into two rough branches, Eastern and Western, though these distinctions are the subject of some debate. They are agglutinative languages.

Contents 1 Family division 1.1 Haas 1.2 Munro 1.3 Genetic relationships 2 External links 3 Bibliography

Family division

The Muskogean family has been subdivided into two competing genetic trees. The traditional classification is from Mary Haas and her students. A more recent and controversial classification has been proposed by Pamela Munro.

Haas

I. Western Muskogean

1. Chickasaw

2. Choctaw (a.k.a. Chahta, Chacato)

II. Eastern Muskogean

A. Central Muskogean

i. Apalachee-Alabama-Koasati group

a. Alabama-Koasati

3. Alabama

4. Koasati

b. Apalachee

5. Apalachee

ii. Hitchiti-Mikasuki

6. Hitchiti-Mikasuki

B. Creek

7. Creek

Munro

I. Northern Muskogean

1. Creek

2. Seminole

II. Southern Muskogean

A. Southwestern Muskogean group

i. Apalachee

3. Apalachee

ii. Alabama-Koasati

4. Alabama

5. Koasati

iii. Western Muskogean

6. Chickasaw

7. Choctaw

B. Hitchiti-Mikasuki group

8. Hitchiti

9. Mikasuki

Genetic relationships

External links

• Paper on Roots of Muskogean languages (discusses classifications)
• Ethnologue: Muskogean

Bibliography

• Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
• Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-1604-8774-9.
• Haas, Mary. (1973). The southeast. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (part 2, pp. 1210-1249). The Hauge: Mouton.
• Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
• Sebeok, Thomas A. (Ed.). (1973). Linguistics in North America (parts 1 & 2). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hauge: Mouton. (Reprinted as Sebeok 1976).
• Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).