Mutual fund

From Freepedia

(Redirected from Mutual funds)

A mutual fund is a company that pools money from many investors and invests the money in stocks, bonds, short-term money-market instruments, or other securities. Legally known as an "investment company," a mutual fund [1] is one of three basic types of investment company. [2].

The portfolio manager trades the fund's underlying securities, realizing a gain or loss, and collects the dividend or interest income. The investment proceeds are then passed along to the individual investors. There are more mutual funds than there are individual stocks.

Contents

Glossary

"Open" or "closed"

Most mutual funds are open-end funds. This means that at the end of every day, the investment management company sponsoring the fund issues new shares to investors and buys back shares from investors wishing to leave the fund. A mutual fund can also be a closed-end fund. The sponsor of a closed-end fund registers and issues a fixed number of shares at the initial offering, similar to a common stock. Investors then can buy or sell these shares through a stock exchange. The sponsor does not redeem or issue shares after a closed-end fund is launched, so the investor must trade them through a broker.

Exchange-traded fund

Main article: Exchange-traded fund

An innovation, the exchange traded fund (ETF) combines characteristics of both open and closed end mutual funds. An ETF usually tracks a stock index, like an index fund, but can be redeemed on demand for its underlying holdings, eliminating the discounts and premiums that are common with closed-end funds and forcing prices to remain very close to the net asset value (NAV). ETFs are traded throughout the day on a stock exchange, just like closed-end funds.

Net asset value

Main article: net asset value

The net asset value, or NAV, is a fund's value of its holdings, usually expressed as a per-share amount. For most funds, the NAV is determined daily, after the close of trading on some specified financial exchange, but some funds update their NAV multiple times during the trading day. Open-end funds sell and redeem their shares at the NAV, and so only process orders after the NAV is determined. Closed-end funds may trade at a higher or lower price than their NAV; this is known as a premium or discount, respectively. If a fund is divided into multiple classes of shares, each class will typically have its own NAV, reflecting differences in fees and expenses paid by the different classes.

Some mutual funds own securities which are not regularly traded on any formal exchange. These may be shares in very small or bankrupt companies; they may be derivatives; or they may be private investments in unregistered financial instruments (such as stock in a non-public company). In the absence of a public market for these securities, it is the responsibility of the fund manager to form an estimate of their value when computing the NAV. How much of a fund's assets may be invested in such securities is stated in the fund's prospectus.

Share class

Many mutual funds divide their assets up among multiple classes of shares. All of the assets of each class are effectively pooled for the purposes of investment management, but classes typically differ in the fees and expenses paid out of the fund's assets. These differences are supposed to reflect different costs involved in servicing investors in various classes; for example, one class may be sold through brokers with a front-end load, and another class may be sold direct to the public with no load but a "12b-1 fee" included in the class's expenses. Still a third class might have a minimum investment of $10,000,000 and only be open to financial institutions (a so-called "institutional" class). In some cases, by aggregating regular investments by many individuals, a retirement plan (such as a 401(k) plan) may qualify to purchase "institutional" shares (and gain the benefit of their typically-lower expense ratios) even though no members of the plan would qualify individually.

Turnover

Turnover is a measure of the amount of securities that are bought and sold, usually in a year, and usually expressed as a percentage of net asset value. It shows how actively managed the fund is.

A caveat is that this value is sometimes calculated as the value of all transactions (buying, selling) divided by 2; i.e., the fund counts one security sold and another one bought as one "transaction". This makes the turnover look half as high as would be according to the standard measure.

Turnover generally has tax consequences for a fund, which are passed through to investors. In particular, when selling an investment from its portfolio, a fund may realize a capital gain, which will ultimately be distributed to investors as taxable income. The very process of buying and selling securities also has its own costs, such as brokerage commissions, which are borne by the fund's shareholders.

The Dalbar Inc. consultancy studied mutual fund stock returns over the period from 1984 to 2000. Dalbar found that the average stock fund returned 14 percent; during that same period, the typical mutual fund investor had a 5.3 percent return ([3]). This finding has made both "personal turnover" (buying and selling mutual funds) and "professional turnover" (buying mutual funds with a turnover above perhaps 5%) unattractive to some people.

Load

A front-end load or sales charge is a commission paid to a broker by a mutual fund when shares are purchased, taken as a percentage of funds invested. The value of the investment is reduced by the amount of the load. Some funds have a deferred sales charge or back-end load. In this type of a fund an investor pays no sales charge when purchasing shares, but will pay a commission out of the proceeds when shares are redeemed depending on how long they are held. Another derivative structure is a "level-load" fund, in which no sales charge is paid when buying the fund, but a back-end load may be charged if the shares purchased are sold within a year.

Load funds are sold through financial intermediaries such as brokers, financial planners, and other types of registered representatives who charge a commission for their services. Shares of front-end load funds are frequently eligible for "breakpoint" reduction in the commission paid based on a number of variables. These include other accounts in the same fund family held by the investor or various family members, or committing to buy more of the fund within a set period of time in return for a lower commission "today".

It is possible to buy many mutual funds without paying a sales charge. These are called no-load funds. Some discount brokers will sell no-load funds, sometimes for a flat transaction fee or even no fee at all. (This does not necessarily mean that the broker is not compensated for the transaction; in such cases, the fund may pay brokers' commissions out of "distribution and marketing" expenses rather than a specific sales charge.)

No load funds have higher average returns than load funds. The highest average return is with no load index (as opposed to managed) funds. For example, over a ten year period, a typical no load index fund tracking the Standard and Poor's 500 large company stocks will have a higher total return (dividends and capital gains) than the vast majority of competing load and managed large company stock funds. Volatility will also be less in these highly diversified no load index funds than the less diversified (typically only about 60 stock) managed funds, making no load index funds the clear choice for investors willing to do their homework and make their own investment decisions.

The largest mutual fund families selling no load index funds are Vanguard (vanguard.com) and Fidelity (fidelity.com) though there are a number of smaller mutual fund families with no load index funds as well. Expense ratios in some of these no load index funds are less than .2% per year versus the typical managed fund's expense ratio of about 1.5% per year. Load managed funds usually have even higher expense ratios when the load is considered. The expense ratio is the semi hidden cost to the investor per year. For example, on a $100,000 investment, an expense ratio of .2% means $200 of annual expense, while a 1.5% expense ratio would result in $1500 of annual expense. These expenses are before considering sales commissions paid by the mutual fund. Index funds typically have much lower commissions than managed funds, because the index funds trade so much less. This further explains the superior total return to investors of the average no load index fund over the average managed (load or no load) fund.

United States

Mutual funds can invest in many different kinds of securities. The most common are cash, stock, and bonds, but there are hundreds of sub-categories. Stock funds, for instance, can invest primarily in the shares of a particular industry, such as high technology or utilities. These are known as sector funds. Bond funds can vary according to risk (high yield or junk bonds, investment-grade corporate bonds), type of issuers (government agencies, corporations, or municipalities), or maturity of the bonds (short or long term). Both stock and bond funds can invest in primarily US securities (domestic funds), both US and foreign securities (global funds), or primarily foreign securities (international funds). By law, mutual funds cannot invest in commodities and their derivatives or in real estate. (However, there do exist real estate investment trusts, or REITs, which invest solely in real estate or mortgages, and mutual funds are allowed to hold shares in REITs. Likewise, another type of fund, hedge funds, which are restricted to the wealthy, are allowed to invest in real estate (as well as certain other practices which mutual funds may not do)) A mutual fund may restrict itself in other ways. These restrictions, permissions, and policies are found in the prospectus, which every open-end mutual fund must make available to a potential investor before accepting his or her money.

Most mutual funds' investment portfolios are continually adjusted under the supervision of a professional manager, who forecasts the future performance of investments appropriate for the fund and chooses the ones which he or she believes will most closely match the fund's stated investment objective. This is called active management, in contrast to indexing, in which a fund's assets are managed to closely approximate the performance of a particular published index. Because the composition of an index changes less frequently than the condition of the market, an index fund manager makes fewer trades, on average, than does an active fund manager.

For this reason, index funds generally have lower expenses than actively-managed funds, and typically incur fewer capital gains which must be passed on to shareholders. The majority of actively managed funds usually only match the performance of the index fund, but since they have higher costs they then underperform the index funds. Three fourths of all mutual funds underperform the S&P 500 index. This means the majority of the professional managers can't execute a better stock picking strategy than simply buying the 500 S&P companies equally. For this reason, many fee only advisors strongly suggest avoiding managed mutual funds and instead pick index funds. (If the advisor is not fee only but instead earns compensation from commissions, the advisor will have a vested interest in recommmending and selling high commission load funds, which are usually expensive managed rather than less expensive index funds.)

Mutual funds are corporations under US law, but they are subject to a special set of regulatory, accounting, and tax rules. Unlike most other types of corporations, they are not taxed on their income as long as they distribute substantially all of it to their shareholders. Also, the type of income they earn is often unchanged as it passes through to the shareholders. Mutual fund distributions of tax-free municipal bond income are also tax-free to the shareholder. Taxable distributions can either be ordinary income or capital gains, depending on how the fund earned it.

Picking a mutual fund from among the thousands offered is not easy. The following is just a rough guide, with some common pitfalls.

  1. Unless you are in the highest tax bracket, you probably don't need a tax-exempt fund.
  2. Match the term of the investment to the time you expect to keep it invested. Money you may need right away (for example, if your car breaks down) should be in a money market account. Money you will not need until you retire in 30 years (or for a newborn's college education) should be in longer-term investments, such as stock or bond funds. Putting money you will need soon in stocks risks having to sell them when the market is low and missing out on the rebound.
  3. There are some funds that invest in both stocks and bonds called "balanced funds." These are not generally as good an idea as a do-it-yourself balance of a stock fund and a bond fund, simply because you get to control the mix yourself. More stock is more aggressive, more bond is more conservative.
  4. Expenses matter over the long term, and of course, cheaper is usually better. You can find the expense ratio in the prospectus. Expense ratios are critical in index funds, which seek to match the market. Actively managed funds need to pay the manager, so they usually have a higher expense ratio.
  5. Sector funds often make the "best fund" lists you see every year. The problem is that it is usually a different sector each year (internet funds, anyone?). Also some secters are vulnerable to industry-wide events (airlines do come to mind). Avoid making these a large part of your portfolio.
  6. Closed-end bond funds often sell at a discount to the value of their holdings. You can sometimes get extra income by buying these in the market. Hedge fund managers love this trick. This also implies that buying them at the original issue is usually a bad idea, since the price will often drop immediately.
  7. Mutual funds often make their distributions near the end of the year. If you get the money, you will have to pay taxes on it. Check the fund company's website to see when they plan to pay the dividend, and wait until afterwards if it is coming up soon.
  8. Do your homework. Read the prospectus, or as much of it as you can stand. It should tell you what these strangers can do with your money, among other vital topics. Check the performance of a fund against its peers with similar investment objectives, and against the index most closely associated with it. Be sure to pay attention to performance over both the long-term and the short-term. A fund that gained 53% over a 1-yr. period (which is impressive), but only 11% over a 5-yr. period should raise some suspicion, as that would imply that the returns on four out of those five years were actually very low (if not straight losses) as 11% compounded over 5 years is only 68%.
  9. Diversification is the best way to reduce risk. Most people should own some stocks, some bonds, and some cash. Some of the stocks, at least, should be foreign. You might not get as much diversification as you think if all your stock funds are with the same management company, since there is often a common source of research and recommendations. Too many funds, on the other hand, will give you about the same effect as an index fund, except your expenses will be higher. Buying individual stocks exposes you to company-specific risks, and if you buy a large number of stocks the commissions may cost more than a fund will.
  10. The compounding effect is your best friend. A little money invested for a long time equals a lot of money later.

Scandals

In September 2003, the US mutual fund industry was beset by a scandal in which major fund companies permitted and facilitated "late trading" and "market timing".

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom the term "mutual fund" may be confusing due to the existence of building societies and mutual life companies which in law are owned by their members and which have no share holders to distribute profits to and consequently are referred to as "mutuals". Collectively managed funds are referred to by type, and the following are the principal ones are available:

  • investment trusts which are themselves quoted companies, often with a fixed life. The quoted price of the company may trade at a discount (lower) or premium (higher) than the value of the investments it holds at any point in time, giving rise to more volatility and risk as well as opportunities. Investment trusts may also be split into different types of shares to appeal to different types of investor. These are known as split capital trusts.
  • Unit Trusts are traditional arrangements set up as a trust rather than a company and are open ended. The fund is divided into units rather than shares that build in trading and management costs through the canceling of units meet management charges and by way of a dual pricing policy of units to meet trading costs. Units have a bid (buying) and offer (selling) price at a given time and the difference is known as the bid-offer spread.
  • OEICs (pronounced "OIKS") is an acronym for "Open Ended Investment Companies" which are rapidly displacing Unit Trusts which operate under, what is considered to be, archaic rules. Additionally OEICs are easily marketed overseas and are seen as a way of developing the collectively managed fund market. A major difference is that OEICs have shares (but unlike Investment Trusts they reflect asset value like the units in a unit trust) and these are traded with a single price (any initial charges are levied explicitly by reducing capital).
  • ICVCs' (Investment Companies with Variable Capital) an alternative name for OEICs.

Tax favoured products such as Pensions or Individual Savings Accounts may include any of the above, although separate Pension funds and (subject to involved differences) Life Insurance funds exist with their own legislative control and tax treatment.

Criticism of Mutual Funds

The primary criticism of actively managed mutual funds comes from the historical fact that, over ten year periods of time, around three fourths of them have not done as well as the strategy of a fund automatically and passively buying the top 500 most popular companies to invest in (the S&P 500). Thus it is felt by these critics that these mutual funds are useless, or more specifically, since any particular fund has a greater chance to underperform, it is better to invest in index mutual funds, or other forms of investments such as index funds.

There are also other criticisms levied against mutual funds as a consequence of the first criticism. One critique covers the concept of the sales load, an upfront or deferred fee as high as 8.5 percent of the amount deposited into a fund. Firstly, some critics do not believe that this should be charged on a percentage basis instead of a flat fee basis. Secondly this payment for advice and other services seems dubious to these critics because with so many mutual funds underperforming, but yet visibly attracting money, the advice given seemingly would be bad advice.

Mutual funds are also seen by some to have a systemic conflict of interest with regards to their size. Fund companies typically make money by charging a management fee of anywhere between 0.5-2.5 percent of the funds total assets. Although theoretically this could incent them to cause the fund to perform well, since a well performing fund would caused the amount invested in the fund to rise and thus increasing the fee earned, it also could incent the fund to focus on attracting more and more new investors, as the new investors adding money to the fund would also cause the assets of the fund to increase. Many investors like Warren Buffet believe however that the larger the pool of money one works with, the harder it is to invest. Thus the harder it becomes for the mutual fund to perform well. Thus a fund company can be focused on attracting new customers, hurting its existing customer's performance. A great deal of the funds costs are flat and fixed costs, such as the salary for the manager. Thus it is economically more beneficial to the fund to try and allow it to grow as large as possible, instead of closing it to new investors and starting a new fund.

Other practices of mutual funds have been critized from time to time, such as funds allowing market timing. More recent criticisms have focused on the fund managers accepting extravagant gifts in exchange for trading stocks through certain investment banks, who presumably overcharge the fund compared to what another, non gifting investment bank would charge.

See also

External links

Screener

  • Yahoo! has a very good fund screener which also uses the Morningstar rating system. It also lets you see the minimum investment amount quickly.

Glossary

Associations

Flows

Industry News

Retrieved from "http://en.freepedia.org/Mutual_fund.html"


Views
Personal tools
In other languages
Similar Links