Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
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- For other uses, see OSCE (disambiguation).
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Institutions
The decision making bodies of the organization are the Summit, Ministerial Council and Senior Council, with the Permanent Council the regular decision-making body, under the leadership of the Chairman-in-Office (CiO), who holds the position for one year. For 2005, the CiO is the Slovenian Foreign Minister Dimitrij Rupel.
The OSCE headquarters are located in Vienna, Austria. The Organization also has offices in Copenhagen, Geneva, The Hague, Prague and Warsaw.
The OSCE employs close to 440 persons in its various Institutions. In the field, the Organization has about 750 international and 2,370 local staff.
The office of the OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media, established in December 1997, acts as a watchdog to provide early warning on violations of freedom of expression in OSCE member states. The Representative also assists member states by advocating and promoting full compliance with OSCE principles and commitments regarding freedom of expression and free media. The current incumbent is Miklos Haraszti of Hungary.
The OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, is the oldest OSCE institution, established in 1990. It is based in Warsaw, Poland, and is active throughout the OSCE area in the fields of election observation, democratic development, human rights, tolerance and non-discrimination, and rule of law. OSCE/ODIHR has observed over 150 elections and referenda since 1995, sending more than 15,000 observers. It has once operated outside its own area. A 43-member OSCE team offered technical support for the October 9, 2004 presidential election in Afghanistan.
History
The organization was established in 1973 as the Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE). Talks had been mooted about a European security grouping since the 1950s but the Cold War prevented any substantial progress until the talks at Dipoli in Helsinki began in November 1972. These talks were held at the suggestion of the Soviet Union which wished to use the talks to maintain its control over the communist countries in Eastern Europe. Western Europe, however, saw these talks as a way to reduce the tension in the region, furthering economic cooperation and obtaining humanitarian improvements for the populations of the Communist Bloc.
The recommendations of the talks, "The Blue Book", gave the practical foundations for a three-stage conference, the Helsinki process. The CSCE opened in Helsinki on July 3, 1973 with 35 states sending representatives. Stage I only took five days to agree to follow the Blue Book. Stage II was the main working phase and was conducted in Geneva from September 18, 1973 until July 21, 1975. the result of Stage II was the Helsinki Final Act which was signed by the 35 particpating nations during Stage III, which took place in Helsinki from July 30 to August 1, 1975.
The concepts of improving relations and implementing the Act were developed over a series of follow-up meeting, with major gatherings in Belgrade (October 4, 1977 - March 8, 1978), Madrid (November 11, 1980 - September 9, 1983), and Vienna (November 4, 1986 - January 19, 1989).
The collapse of Communism required a change of role for the CSCE. The Paris Charter for a New Europe which was signed on November 21, 1990 marked the beginning of this change. With the changes capped by the re-naming of the CSCE to the OSCE on January 1, 1995, accordingly to the results of the conference held in Budapest, in 1994.
In Istanbul on November 19, 1999, the OSCE ended a two-day summit by calling for a political settlement in Chechnya and adopting a Charter for European Security.
After a group of 13 democratic US senators petitioned Secretary of State Colin Powell to have foreign election monitors oversee the 2004 US presidential election, the State Department acquiesced, and President Bush invited the OSCE to do so. [1]
Structural History
The Chairman in Office for -
- 2005: Slovenian Foreign Minister Dimitrij Rupel
- 2004: Bulgarian Foreign Affairs Minister Solomon Passy
- 2003: Netherlands Foreign Minister Jaap de Hoop Scheffer
Fiscal History
Budget (in Millions of Euros, not adjusted for inflation) for -
- 2005: ?
- 2004: 180.8
- 2003: 165.5
- 2002: 167.5
- 2001: 194.5
- 2000: 202.7
- 1999: 146.1
- 1998: 118.7
- 1997: 43.3
- 1996: 34.9
- 1995: 18.9
- 1994: 21
- 1993: 12
Participating States
See also
External links
- OSCE official website
- Open Directory Project - OSCE directory category
- OSCEWatch
- ODIHR OSCE's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
- OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media
