Pentobarbital

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Pentobarbital

5-Ethyl-5-(1-methylbutyl)-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione
CAS number
76-74-4 		ATC code
N05CA01
Chemical formula C11H17N2O3
Molecular weight 226.1317
Bioavailability  ?
Metabolism hepatic
Elimination half-life 35-50 hours
Excretion Urinary
Pregnancy category D
Legal status Schedule II (oral and parenteral); Schedule III (rectal)
Routes of administration Oral, Intravenous, rectal

Pentobarbital is a barbiturate that is available as both a free acid and a sodium salt, the former of which is only slightly soluble in water and ethanol.[1] One trade name for this drug is Nembutal®, coined by Dr. John S. Lundy, who started using it in 1930, from the structural formula of the sodium salt—Na (sodium) + ethyl + methyl + butyl + al (common suffix for barbiturates).[2]

Contents

Uses

Approved

Unapproved/Investigational/Off-Label

  • reduction of intracranial pressure in Reye's syndrome, traumatic brain injury.
  • induction of coma in cerebral ischemia patients

Veterinary medicine

In veterinary medicine sodium pentobarbital—traded under names such as Sagatal—is used as an anaesthetic,[3].

It is used by itself, or more often in combination with complementary agents such as phenytoin, in commercial euthanasia[4] injectable solutions. Trade names include Euthasol, Euthatal, Beuthanasia-D and Fatal Plus.

Metabolism

Pentobarbital undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver and possibly the intestines.[5]

Drug Interactions

Administration of alcohol, opioids, antihistamines, other sedative-hypnotics, and other central nervous system depressants will additively increase the sedation caused by pentobarbital.

Tricyclic antidepressants decrease serum levels of pentobarbital.


References and End Notes

  1. ^  "Pentobarbital." San Diego Reference Laboratory: Technical Help.
  2. ^  Lee C. Fosburgh (1997). Imagining in Time: From this point in time: Some memories of my part in the history of anesthesia -- John S. Lundy, MD. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists Journal 65 (4): 323-8. [No abstract] PMID 9281913 AANA Archives-Library page List of Library Holdings Worldwide
  3. ^  Unknown (2005) ANESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA, Animal Use Protocols [online] University of Virginia. Available from: http://www.healthsystem.virginia.edu/internet/ccm/Anesth/aneshome.cfm Accessed on 4 October 2005.
  4. ^  UBC Committee on Animal Care (2005) Euthanasia, SOP 009E1 - euthanasia - overdose with pentobarbital [online] The University of British Columbia. Available from: http://www.acc.ubc.ca/SOP/SOPeuthp.html Accessed on 4 October 2005.
  5. ^  Knodell RG, Spector MH, Brooks DA, Keller FX, Kyner WT. "Alterations in pentobarbital pharmacokinetics in response to parenteral and enteral alimentation in the rat." Gastroenterology. 1980 Dec;79(6):1211-6. PMID 6777235



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