Phoenician alphabet

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History of the Alphabet

Wadi el-Hol 19th c. BC
Proto-Canaanite 14th c. BC

Meroitic 3rd c. BC

The Phoenician alphabet dates from around 1000 BC and is derived from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet. It was used by the Phoenicians to write Phoenician, a Northern Semitic language. Modern alphabets thought to have descended from the Phoenician include Hebrew, Arabic, Greek, Latin (via the Old Italic alphabet), and Cyrillic. Like Proto-Canaanite, Arabic and Hebrew, Phoenician is a consonantal alphabet (an abjad), and contains no symbols for vowel sounds, which had to be deduced from context.

Phoenician inscriptions have been found in archaeological sites at a number of former Phoenician cities and colonies around the Mediterranean, such as Byblos (in present-day Lebanon) and Carthage in North Africa.

Contents

The Alphabet

The original Proto-Sinatic letters had been pictograms, derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs. Some of the name meanings had changed by the time of Phoenician. For example, the character gimel may have originally been the image of a throwing stick. In the chart below:

  • The meanings given are of the letter names in Phoenician. The Phoenician letter names are not directly attested and were reconstructed by Theodor Nöldeke in 1904.
  • As the letters were originally carved into stone, most are square and straight, like characters from the runic alphabet, although more cursive versions are increasingly attested in later times, culminating in the Neo-Punic alphabet of Roman-era North Africa.
  • Phoenician was usually written from right to left, although there are some texts written in boustrophedon (consecutive lines in alternate directions).
  • Various letters have alternative representations: e.g. the taw can be written more like a '+' than like a 'x', the heth can have two cross bars.
  • The Greek letters given in brackets are archaic and may not render in some fonts (see Greek alphabet for details).
  • The Latin letter X derives from a western Greek pronunciation of chi, and not directly from the samekh-inspired letter xi. However chi itself is probably a secondary derivation of Phoenician samekh.


Letter Name Meaning Transliteration Corresponding letter in
Hebrew Arabic Greek Latin Cyrillic
Image:Phoenician aleph.png ʼāleph ox ʼ א ﺍ Αα Aa Аа
Image:Phoenician beth.png bēth house b ב ﺏ Ββ Bb Бб, Вв
Image:Phoenician gimel.png gīmel camel g ג ﺝ Γγ Cc, Gg Гг
Image:Phoenician daleth.png dāleth door d ד ﺩ Δδ Dd Дд
Image:Phoenician he.png hē window h ה ﮬ Εε Ee Ее, Єє
Image:Phoenician waw.png wāw hook w ו ﻭ (Ϝϝ), Υυ Ff, Uu, Vv, Ww, Yy Уу
Image:Phoenician zayin.png zayin weapon z ז ﺯ Ζζ Zz Зз
Image:Phoenician heth.png ḥēth fence ḥ ח ﺡ Ηη Hh Ии
Image:Phoenician teth.png ṭēth wheel ṭ ט ﻁ Θθ Фф
Image:Phoenician yodh.png yōdh arm y י ﻱ Ιι Ii, Jj Іі
Image:Phoenician kaph.png kaph palm k כ ﻙ Κκ Kk Кк
Image:Phoenician lamedh.png lāmedh goad l ל ﻝ Λλ Ll Лл
Image:Phoenician mem.png mēm water m מ ﻡ Μμ Mm Мм
Image:Phoenician nun.png nun fish n נ ﻥ Νν Nn Нн
Image:Phoenician samekh.png sāmekh fish s ס س Ξξ, Χχ Xx Хх
Image:Phoenician ayin.png ʿayin eye ʿ ע ﻉ Οο Oo Оо
Image:Phoenician pe.png pē mouth p פ ﻑ Ππ Pp Пп
Image:Phoenician sade.png ṣādē papyrus plant ṣ צ ﺹ (Ϡϡ) Цц, Чч
Image:Phoenician qof.png qōph monkey q ק ﻕ (Ϙϙ) Qq
Image:Phoenician res.png rēš head r ר ﺭ Ρρ Rr Рр
Image:Phoenician sin.png šin tooth š ש ش Σσ Ss Сс, Шш
Image:Phoenician taw.png tāw mark t ת ﺕ Ττ Tt Тт

Encoding

The Phoenician script has been accepted for encoding in Unicode 5.0 in the range U+10900 to U+1091F. An alternative proposal to handle it as a font variation of Hebrew was turned down. (See PDF summary.) The letters will be encoded U+10900 𐤀 aleph through to U+10916 𐤖 taw, U+10917 𐤗, U+10918 𐤘, U+10919 𐤙 and U+1091A 𐤚 will encode the numerals 1, 10, 20 and 100 respectively and U+1091F 𐤟 the word separator.

Derived alphabets

The Paleo-Hebrew alphabet, used to write early Hebrew, is nearly identical to the Phoenician one. The Samaritan alphabet, used by the Samaritans, is a version of the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet.

The Aramaic alphabet, used to write Aramaic, is another descendant. Aramaic being the lingua franca of the Middle East, it was widely adopted. It later split off into a number of related alphabets, including the modern Hebrew alphabet, the Syriac alphabet, and the Nabatean alphabet, a highly cursive form that was the origin of the Arabic alphabet.

The Greek alphabet is thought to have developed either directly from the Phoenician alphabet, or to share a common parent in Proto-Canaanite. The Greeks kept most of the sounds of the symbols, but used some letters which represented sounds that did not exist in Greek to represent vowels. This was particularly important as Greek, an Indo-European language, is much less consonant-dominated than most Semitic languages.

The Latin and the Cyrillic alphabets are derived from the Greek alphabet. Some Cyrillic letters are based on Glagolitic forms, which were influenced by the Hebrew alphabet. Also, the old runes were likely derived from an early form of the Latin alphabet.

Many historians believe that the Brahmi script and the subsequent Indic alphabets are derived from this script as well, which would make it the ancestor of almost all major writing systems in use today, with the exception of Hangul, the Chinese script and its derivatives.

External links

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