Promethium
From Freepedia
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| General | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Name, Symbol, Number | promethium, Pm, 61 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | lanthanides | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | ?, 6, f | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | metallic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic mass | (145) g/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f5 6s2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 23, 8, 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 7.26 g/cm³ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1315 K (1042 °C, 1908 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 3273 K (3000 °C, 5432 °F) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 7.13 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 289 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic properties | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 3 (mildly basic oxide) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | ? 1.13 (Pauling scale) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) | 1st: 540 kJ/mol | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1050 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 2150 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 185 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 205 pm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | no data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (r.t.) est. 0.75 µΩ·m | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 17.9 W/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (r.t.) (α, poly) est. 11 µm/(m·K) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | (α form) est. 46 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | (α form) est. 18 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | (α form) est. 33 GPa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | (α form) est. 0.28 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-12-2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Notable isotopes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| References | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This article is about the chemical element.
- For the fictional metal from DC Comics, see the prometheum article.
- For the napalm-like fictional substance in the Warhammer 40,000 scenario, see Fictional_chemical_substance.
Promethium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pm and atomic number 61.
Contents |
Notable characteristics
Promethium has no stable isotopes. It is a man-made soft beta emitter; it does not emit gamma rays, but beta particles impinging on elements of high atomic numbers can generate X-rays. Pure promethium exists in two allotropic forms, but little else is known about the metal. Promethium salts luminesce in the dark with a pale blue or greenish glow due to their high radioactivity.
Applications
Uses for promethium include:
- Beta radiation source for thickness gauges.
- Light source for signals that require dependable operation (using phosphor to absorb the beta radiation and produce light).
- In a nuclear battery in which photocells convert the light into electric current, yielding a useful life of about five years using 147-Pm.
- Possibly in the future as a portable X-ray source, as an auxiliary heat / power source for space probes and satellites, and to make lasers that can be used to communicate with submerged submarines.
History
The existence of promethium was first predicted by Bohuslav Brauner in 1902; this prediction was confirmed by Henry Moseley in 1914. Several groups claimed to have produced the element, but they could not confirm their discoveries because of the difficulty of separating promethium from other elements. Proof of the existence of promethium was obtained in 1945 by Jacob A. Marinsky, Lawrence E. Glendenin and Charles D. Coryell during the analysis of byproducts of uranium fission; however, being too busy with defense-related research during World War II, they did not announce their discovery until 1947. [1] The name promethium is derived from Prometheus in Greek mythology, who stole the fire of the sky and gave it to mankind.
In 1963, ion-exchange methods were used to prepare about 10 grams of promethium from atomic reactor fuel processing wastes.
Today, promethium is still recovered from the byproducts of uranium fission; it can also be produced by bombarding 146Nd with neutrons, turning it into 147Nd which decays into 147Pm through beta decay with a half-life of 11 days.
Promethium is also the name of a fictional element in the DC Universe; writer Marv Wolfman claims to have been unaware of the existence of a real substance by that name at the time he wrote the original script featuring the name.
A substance called promethium is also used in the war game Warhammer 40,000. It is a fictional napalm-like flammable material.
Occurrence
Promethium does not naturally occur on earth, but has been identified in the spectrum of the star HR 465 in Andromeda, and possibly HD 101065 (Przybylski's star) and HD 965 [2].
Compounds
Promethium compounds include:
Isotopes
36 radioisotopes of promethium have been characterized, with the most stable being 145Pm with a half-life of 17.7 years, 146Pm with a half-life of 5.53 years, and 147Pm with a half-life of 2.6234 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 364 days, and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 27 seconds. This element also has 11 meta states with the most stable being 148Pmm (T½ 41.29 days), 152Pmm2 (T½ 13.8 minutes) and 152Pmm (T½ 7.52 minutes).
The isotopes of promethium range in atomic weight from 127.9482600 u (128Pm) to 162.9535200 u (163Pm). The primary decay mode before the longest-lived isotope, 145Pm, is electron capture, and the primary mode after is beta minus decay. The primary decay products before 145Pm are neodymium (Nd) isotopes and the primary products after are samarium (Sm) isotopes.
Precautions
Promethium must be handled with great care because of its high radioactivity. In particular, promethium can emit X-rays during its beta decay. Note that its half-life is less than that of plutonium-239 by a factor of multiple thousands to tens of thousands. Promethium has no biological role.
References
External links
