Promulgation
From Freepedia
Promulgation is the act of formally proclaiming new legislation to the public. This occurs when the law receives final formal approval. It is generally performed by the head of state who either acts in accordance with constitutional rules or convention.
- In the United Kingdom and in Commonwealth Realms, promulgation is performed when granting the Royal Assent.
- In the Republic of Ireland, all laws passed by the Oireachtas are promulgated by the President of Ireland as required by Articles 13.3 and 25.1-5 of the Constitution of Ireland.
- On the Isle of Man, laws are promulgated annually on Tynwald Day; any Act that is not promulgated with in eighteen months of passage ceases to remain valid.
- In France, the President of the Republic promulgates law (he may ask Parliament to reconsider the law, but only once).
- In Germany, the President of Germany has the duty to duly promulgate and issue laws, unless he deems them "evidently unconstitutional", the question, to which degree he has to be convinced of the constitutional violation to deny promulgation is hotly debated. One such case arose in July 2005, when it was unclear whether Horst Köhler would sign the bill that paved the way for new elections in September of 2005, after the German government under Gerhard Schröder had lost a parliamentary vote of confidence on purpose. He eventually did.
