Republika Srpska
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| |||||
| Official languages | Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian | ||||
| Capital | de jure Sarajevo de facto Banja Luka | ||||
| Area – Total – % water | 24,811 km² n/a | ||||
| Population – Total (2001) – Density | 1,490,993 60/km² | ||||
| Ethnic groups (1991) pre-war figures (do not reflect significant population changes caused by the war) | Serbs: 60% Bosniaks: 27% Croats: 10% Others: 3% | ||||
| President | Dragan Čavić | ||||
| Prime minister | Pero Bukejlović | ||||
| Anthem | Bože Pravde (God the Righteous) | ||||
| Time zone | UTC +1 | ||||
| Currency | Convertible Mark (KM) | ||||
Republika Srpska (RS) (Република Српска [РС]) is one of the two political entities that compose the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina (the other entity is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
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Population
Republika Srpska comprises 49% of the land area of Bosnia, but only about 40% of the population. All data dealing with population, including ethnic distributions, are subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing. UNHCR population census conducted throughout Bosnia-Herzegovina in the spring of 1996 (shortly after the end of the war) indicated that the Serbs were 96.8% of the overall population of the entity at that point in time.
In July 2005 CIA conducted another 'unofficial' population census throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina with the help of OHR; according to July 2005 figures, Serbs represented 90% of the overall population of Republika Srpska, followed by Bosniaks 7%, Croats 2% and others (Roma, Jews) 1%.
Name
"Republika Srpska" can be translated into English as Serb Republic or Republic of Srpska. The word "srpska" can be interpreted as an adjective ("Serbian"), and, bearing in mind language rules for the creation of names of countries in the Serbian, Bosnian, and Croatian, also as a proper noun. The local name "Republika Hrvatska" for Croatia is analogous, although in that case there has long existed an appropriate Latinized translation of the name ("Croatia").
Because of the potential for confusion between "Serb Republic"/"Republic of Srpska" (Republika Srpska) and the "Republic of Serbia" (Republika Srbija), the name "Republika Srpska" is often used in its untranslated form in non-Slavic countries. This article follows that convention. (The government of Republika Srpska uses the term "Republic of Srpska" in the English translation of the Constitution and other documents.)
History
Origins
For the origins and early history of Serbs in the territory of today's Republika Srpska, see History of the Serbs.
Also see: Vrbaska banovina, History of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosanska Krajina.
Creation of Republika Srpska
During the political crisis that followed the secession of Slovenia and Croatia from the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on June 25, 1991, a separate Bosnian Serb Assembly was founded on October 24, 1991, as the representative body of Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnian Serbs claimed that this was a necessary step since the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina at that time defined that no major changes were to be granted short of a unanimous agreement from all three sides and Bosnian Muslims (now called Bosniaks) and Bosnian Croats wanted independence of Bosnia against the Bosnian Serbs's standpoints.
A plebiscite that asked citizens whether they wanted to remain within Yugoslavia was held on November 9 and 10, 1991. The parliamentary government of Bosnia and Herzegovina with clear Bosniak and Croat majority asserted that this plebiscite was illegal, but the Bosnian Serb Assembly acknowledged its results. On November 21, 1991, the Assembly proclaimed that all those municipalities, local communities, and populated places in which over 50% of the people of Serbian nationality had voted, as well as those places where citizens of other nationalities had expressed themselves in favour of remaining in a joint Yugoslav state, would be territory of the federal Yugoslav state.
On January 9, 1992, the Bosnian Serb Assembly adopted a declaration on the Proclamation of the Republic of the Serb people of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika srpskog naroda Bosne i Hercegovine). On February 28, 1992, the constitution of the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was adopted and declared that the state's territory included Serb autonomous regions, municipalities, and other Serbian ethnic entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (including regions described as "places in which the Serbian people remained in the minority due to the genocide conducted against them during World War II"), and it was declared to be a part of the federal Yugoslav state.
From February 29 to March 2, 1992, Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on independence. The majority of Bosnian Serbs boycotted the vote on the grounds that it was unconstitutional because the referendum bypassed the veto power of the representatives of the Serbian people in the Bosnian parliament. On April 6, 1992, the European Community formally recognised the independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence on April 7, 1992. On August 12, 1992, the reference to Bosnia and Herzegovina was dropped from the name, and it became simply Republika Srpska.
War in Bosnia
On May 12, 1992, at a session of the Bosnian Serb Assembly, Radovan Karadžić announced the six "strategic objectives" of the Serbian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina:
- Establish state borders separating the Serbian people from the other two ethnic communities.
- Set up a corridor between Semberija and Krajina.
- Establish a corridor in the Drina river valley, that is, eliminate the Drina as a border separating Serbian states.
- Establish a border on the Una and Neretva rivers.
- Divide the city of Sarajevo into Serbian and Bosniak parts and establish effective state authorities in both parts.
- Ensure access to the sea for Republika Srpska.
At the same session, the Bosnian Serb Assembly voted to create the Vojska Republike Srpske (VRS) (Army of the Republika Srpska), and appointed Ratko Mladić, the commander of the Second Military District of the Yugoslav federal army, as commander of the VRS Main Staff. At the end of May 1992, after the withdrawal of Yugoslav forces from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Second Military District was essentially transformed into the Main Staff of the VRS. The new army immediately set out to achieve by military means the six "strategic objectives" of the Serbian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina (the goals of which were reaffirmed by an operational directive issued by General Mladić on November 19, 1992).
The VRS expanded and defended the borders of Republika Srpska during the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia.
Since the beginning of the war, the VRS and the political leadership of Republika Srpska have been accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, particularly with regard to the ethnic cleansing of the non-Serb population from the territory claimed by Republika Srpska, the long military seige of Sarajevo, and the massacre of Bosniak men and boys following the fall of the United Nations-declared safe area of Srebrenica.
In 1993, the United Nations Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia at The Hague for the purpose of bringing to justice persons allegedly responsible for serious violations of international humanitarian law in the territory of the former Yugoslavia since 1991. On July 24, 1995, the Hague Tribunal indicted Radovan Karadžić and Ratko Mladić on charges of genocide and crimes against humanity; on November 14, 1995, both men were indicted again on charges specific to the Srebrenica massacre. On August 2, 2001, the Hague Tribunal found the commander of the VRS Drina Corps at the time of the Srebrenica massacre, General-Major Radislav Krstić, guilty of genocide. Many other political leaders of Republika Srpska and VRS officers have been indicted, tried, and convicted by the Hague Tribunal for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia. Some of them (including Karadžić and Mladić) remain at large and in hiding.
Because of the circumstances of its creation, the name and insignia -- even the existence -- of Republika Srpska remains a matter of great controversy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially among the Bosniak population, many of whom view Republika Srpska as a state founded on genocide.
On December 15, 2003, the government of Republika Srpska established the Commission for the Investigation of the events in and around Srebrenica between 10th and 19the July 1995, for the purpose of investigating and establishing the truth regarding the Srebrenica massacre. In its report dated June 11, 2004 (and in an addendum to its report dated October 15, 2004), the Commission reported it had established that between July 10 and 19, 1995, several thousands of Bosniaks (the data for the number of missing persons varying between 7,000 and 8,000) were "liquidated, in a manner that represents severe violation of international humanitarian law and that the perpetrators, among the others, undertook measures to cover up the crime by reallocating the bodies" in mass graves. On October 28, 2004, the government of Republika Srpska formally accepted the Commission's report and acknowledged that serious crimes had been committed.
On October 4, 2005, the Special Serb Government Working Group of Republika Srpska reported that 25,083 people were involved in the massacre including 19,473 members of various Bosnian Serb armed forces that actively gave orders or directly took part in the massacre. They have identified 17,074 by name.[1]
Legal Status
The legal existence of Republika Srpska was postulated by the Agreed Basic Principles issued on September 8, 1995, and the Further Agreed Basic Principles issued on September 26, 1995, and was confirmed by the Dayton Peace Agreement, although Republika Srpska has never received international recognition as a state. (Under an agreement on August 29, 1995, a unified delegation composed of three delegates of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and three delegates of Republika Srpska — led by former Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević — was authorized to negotiate and sign the Dayton Peace Agreement on behalf of the Republika Srpska.)
Republika Srpska was not created by the Dayton Peace Agreement; indeed, Republika Srpska was a party to several of the annexes to the General Framework Agreement. Republika Srpska has maintained its territorial and legal continuity since it was proclaimed on January 9, 1992, and the constitution adopted on February 28, 1992 (as amended) remains in force to this day.
Territory
Borders
The borders of Republika Srpska were not determined on the basis of the natural geographical features of the region. Rather, the Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL) that divides Bosnia and Herzegonina into two entities runs essentially along the military front lines as they existed at the end of the war, with adjustments (most importantly in the western part of the country and around Sarajevo) made at the Dayton peace conference. The total length of the borders of the Republika Srpska is approximtely 2170 km, of which the Inter-Entity Boundary Line accounts for 1080 km. (If the territory of Republika Srpska were in the shape of a circle, the total length of its borders would be only 561 km.) The border between Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is no longer controlled by the military and is not policed.
Municipalities
Under the Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government adopted in 1994, Republika Srpska was divided into 80 municipalities. After the conclusion of the Dayton Peace Agreement, the law was amended in 1996 to reflect the changes to the country's borders and now provides for the division of Republika Srpska into 63 municipalities.
The following are the 63 municipalities of Republika Srpska:
- Banja Luka
- Bijeljina
- Bileća
- Bratunac
- Brčko
- Čajniće
- Čelinac
- Derventa
- Doboj
- Gacko
- Gradiška
- Jajce
- Kalesija
- Kalinovik
- Kneževo
- Kozarska Dubica
- Kotor Varoš
- Krupa na Uni
- Kupres
- Laktaši
- Lopare
- Ljubinje
- Milići
- Modriča
- Mrkonjić Grad
- Nevesinje
- Novi Grad
- Pale
- Pelagićevo
- Petrovac
- Petrovo
- Prijedor
- Prnjavor
- Rogatica
- Rudo
- Skelani
- Sokolac
- Srbac
- Srbinje (name changed from "Foča" in 1993)
- Srpska Ilidža (name changed from "Ilidža" in 1996)
- Srpska Kostajnica
- Srpski Brod (name changed from "Brod" in 1995)
- Srpski Drvar
- Srpski Ključ (name changed from "Ključ" in 1996)
- Srpski Mostar (name changed from "Mostar" in 1996)
- Srpski Sanski Most (name changed from "Sanski Most" in 1996)
- Srpski Stari Grad (name changed from "Stari Grad" in 1996)
- Srpsko Goražde (name changed from "Goražde" in 1996)
- Srpsko Novo Sarajevo (name changed from "Novo Sarajevo" in 1996)
- Srpsko Orašje (name changed from "Orašje" in 1996)
- Stolac
- Šamac
- Šekovici
- Šipovo
- Teslić
- Trebinje
- Trnovo
- Ugljevik
- Han Pijesak
- Višegrad
- Vlasenica
- Vukosavlje (name changed from "Odžak" in 1995)
- Zvornik
On February 27, 2004, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina issued an opinion declaring the names of certain municipalities in Republika Srpska to be in violation of the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the reason that the names "are not consistent with the constitutional principle of the equality of the constituent peoples in Bosnia and Herzegovina." On September 22, 2004, the Court decided that the former names "be temporary replaced" with new names.
The following are the former and new names of the affected municipalities:
- Srpski Drvar: Istočni Drvar
- Srpski Sanski Most: Oštra Luka
- Srpski Mostar: Istočni Mostar
- Srpsko Goražde: Ustiprača
- Srbinje: Foča
- Srpski Ključ: Ribnik
- Srpska Kostajnica: Bosanska Kostajnica
- Srpski Brod: Bosanski Brod
- Srpska Ilidža: Kasindo
- Srpsko Novo Sarajevo: Lukavica
- Srpski Stari Grad: Istočni Stari Grad
- Srpsko Orašje: Donji Žabar
Former Municipalities
The Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government was amended in 1996 to provide that certain municipalities whose territory was now completely or partially located in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina would "temporarily stop functioning." In addition, the parts of these former municipalities that were located in Republika Srpska (if any) were incorporated into other municipalities.
The following are the former municipalities of Republika Srpska:
- Bihać
- Centar Sarajevo
- Glamoč (part included in Šipovo)
- Gradačac (parts included in Modriča and Pelagićevo)
- Grahovo (formerly Bosansko Grahovo)
- Hadžići
- Ilijaš (part included in Sokolac)
- Konjic (parts included in Nevesinje)
- Lukavac (parts included in Petrovo)
- Maglaj (parts included in Doboj)
- Olovo (parts included in Sokolac)
- Rajlovac
- Srbobran (parts included in Šipovo) (formerly Donji Vakuf)
- Srebrenik
- Tuzla (parts included in Lopare)
- Vogošća
- Zavidovići
In addition, parts of the territory of the Kladanj municipality (not formerly a municipality of Republika Srpska) were included in Šekovici municipality.
Sarajevo
In 1993, Law on the Serb City of Sarajevo during the State of War or Immediate Danger of War was adopted providing that the Serb City of Sarajevo consisted of the following municipalities: Centar, Hadžići, Ilidža, Ilijaš, Novo Sarajevo, Stari Grad, Rajlovac, Vogošća, and Trnovo. Centar, Hadžići, Ilijaš, Rajlovac, and Vogošća were incorporated into the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city now consists of the following six municipalities: Srpska Ilidža (name replaced by "Kasindo" in 2004), Srpsko Novo Sarajevo (name replaced by "Lukavica" in 2004), Pale, Sokolac, Srpski Stari Grad (name replaced by "Istočni Stari Grad" in 2004), and Trnovo.
In 1996, the name "Serb City of Sarajevo" was changed to "City of Srpsko Sarajevo". In 2004, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina decided that the temporary name of the city would be decided that the former name of the city "be temporary replaced" with the name "City of Istočni (East) Sarajevo".
Brčko
A significant portion of the Brčko District (48% of its area) was created from Republika Srpska's territory. Republika Srpska controlled this territory until March 8, 2000 (see the History and Mandate of the OHR North/Brcko). When the Brčko District was created, Republika Srpska's territory within the District (as well as that of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) became a shared territory of both entities. District Brčko's territory was defined as being shared by both entities as a condominium, but it was not placed under control of either of the two, and is hence under direct jurisdiction of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Republika Srpska's authorities never officially accepted the Brčko Arbitration result, but nevertheless had to comply.
Politics
Under its constitution, Republika Srpska has its own president, parliament (Народна Скупштина Републике Српске/Narodna Skupština Republike Srpske), government (with a prime minister and several ministries), supreme court and lower courts, customs service (under the state-level customs service), and postal service. It also has its own coat of arms, flag (the Serbian tricolour), and national anthem. Republika Srpska's flag airline, Air Srpska, ceased operations in 2003.
After the war, Republika Srpska retained its army, but in August 2005, under considerable foreign pressure (acting primarily through the Office of the High Representative), the parliament consented to transfer control of Army of Republika Srpska to a state-level ministry and abolish the entity defense ministry and army by January 1, 2006. These reforms were insisted upon by NATO as a condition of Bosnia and Herzegovina's admission to the Partnership for Peace.
Republika Srpska has its own police force, but in October 2005, again under pressure, the parliament consented to the creation over a five-year period of a single integrated police service at the state level, with local police areas that may cross the Inter-Entity Boundary Line if required based on technical considerations. These reforms were insisted upon by the European Union as a condition for the negotiation of a Stabilisation and Association Agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Although the constitution names Sarajevo as the capital of Republika Srpska , the northwestern city of Banja Luka is the headquarters of most of the institutions of government — including the parliament — and the de facto capital.
Presidents
- Radovan Karadžić (7 April 1992 to 19 July 1996) (SDS)
- Biljana Plavšić (19 July 1996 to 4 November 1998) (SDS/SNS RS) (expelled from SDS in July 1997 and formed SNS RS)
- Nikola Poplašen (4 November 1998 to 26 January 2000) (SRS RS) (removed by High Representative on 5 March 1999; removal enforced on 2 September 1999)
- Mirko Šarović (26 January 2000 to 28 November 2002 (SDS) (not recognized as president by High Representative until 16 December 2000)
- Dragan Čavić (28 November 2002 to present) (SDS)
Government
The government of Republika Srpska is composed of the prime minister and the heads of the sixteen ministries. The National Assembly also selects two deputy prime ministers from among the ministers from different constituent peoples (Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks) on the recommendation of the prime minister.
The law requires that eight ministers be elected from the Serb population, five from the Bosniak population, and three from the Croat population. The prime minister may also appoint one minister from among the "others" population (out of the largest constituent ethnic group).
Under the Law on Ministries adopted in October 2002, the "tasks of the administration" of Republika Srpska are carried out by ministries, republican administrative units, and republican administrative organizations.
Governments
The following is a list of the governments of Republika Srpska with the name of the prime minister, the date on which the government was formed by the National Assembly, and the political party of the prime minister:
- Branko Đerić (22 April 1992) (SDS)
- Vladimir Lukić (20 January 1993) (SDS)
- Dušan Kozić (18 August 1994) (SDS)
- Rajko Kasagić (17 December 1995) (SDS)
- Gojko Kličković I (18 May 1996) (SDS)
- Gojko Kličković II (27 November 1996) (SDS)
- Milorad Dodik (18 January 1998) (SNSD)
- Mladen Ivanić (12 January 2001) (PDP)
- Dragan Mikerević (17 January 2003) (PDP)
- Pero Bukejlović (17 February 2005) (SDS)
Ministries
The following are the sixteen ministries:
- Ministry for Economy, Energy and Development
- Ministry of Finance
- Ministry of Education and Culture
- Ministry of Justice
- Ministry of Defense
- Ministry of Internal Affairs
- Ministry of Administration and Local Self-Governance
- Ministry of Health and Social Protection
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources
- Ministry of Transport and Communications
- Ministry of Trade and Tourism
- Ministry of Urban Planning, Civil Engineering and Ecology
- Ministry of Labor and Soldiers and Invalid Protection
- Ministry for Economic Relations and Coordination
- Ministry for Refugees and Displaced Persons
- Ministry of Science and Technology
Administrative Units in RS
Administrative units in RS are administrative bodies within the ministries, and are established for the purpose of performing certain activities from within the sphere of activity of the administration, which, due to their nature, entirety and way of performing, require independence and special organization (administration, inspectorates, and other forms). Administrative units are under the direct supervision of the ministry to which they belong.
The following are the administrative units and the ministries to which they belong:
- Administrative Unit for Geodetic and Legal-Property Issues (responsible to Government of Republika Srpska)
- Administrative Unit for the RS Customs (Ministry of Finance)
- Tax Administration (Ministry of Finance)
- Foreign Currency Inspectorate (Ministry of Finance)
- Unit for Civil Defense (Ministry of Administration and Local Self-Governance)
Administrative Organizations in RS
Administrative organizations in RS are established for the purpose of performing professional duties and duties of the republican administration (institutions, directorates, secretariats, agencies, commissariats, funds, centers and other forms). Administrative organizations may have the attributes of a legal entity.
The following are the republican administrative organizations and the ministries to which they belong:
- Institute for Statistics (Ministry of Finance)
- Institute for Protection of Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage (Ministry of Education and Culture)
- Hydro Meteorological Institute (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources)
- Institute for Geological Research (Ministry for Economy, Energy and Development)
- Institute for Prices (Ministry of Trade and Tourism)
- Pedagogic Institute (Ministry of Education and Culture)
- Institute for Planning (Ministry for Economy, Energy and Mining)
- Institute for Standardization and Metrology (Ministry for Economy, Energy and Development)
- Secretariat for Sport and Youth (Ministry of Education and Culture)
- Secretariat for Religions (Ministry of Education and Culture)
- Secretariat for Legislation (responsible to Government of Republika Srpska)
- Secretariat for Relationships with ICT in The Hague and Investigation of War Crimes (responsible to Government of Republika Srpska)
- Archive of Republika Srpska (Ministry of Education and Culture)
- Civil Service Agency (responsible to Government of Republika Srpska)
- RS Agency for Medicines (Ministry of Health and Social Protection)
- Agency for Recognizing and Improvement of Quality of Health Protection in Republika Srpska (Ministry of Health and Social Protection)
- Commissioners Office for Refugees and Humanitarian Aid (Ministry for Refugees and Displaced Persons)
- Directorate for Commodity Reserves (Ministry of Trade and Tourism)
- Directorate for Roads (Ministry of Transport and Communications)
- Directorate for Water (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources)
- Directorate for Civilian Air Traffic (Ministry of Transport and Communications)
- Directorate for Production and Trade of Military Equipment (Ministry of Defense)
- Directorate for Reconstruction and Construction (Ministry for Urban Planning, Civil Engineering and Ecology)
- Directorate for Privatization (responsible to Government of Republika Srpska)
- Fund for Development and Employment of Republika Srpska (responsible to Government of Republika Srpska)
- Republika Srpska Habitation Fund (responsible to Government of Republika Srpska)
Economy
Republika Srpska uses the convertible mark currency along with the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bosnia and Herzegovina – and therefore also Republika Srpska as one of its two entities, has been marked as a country which achieved the major improvement in implementation of the transitional reforms, and therefore has switched from the post conflict phase, to the group of countries in transition. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, in its report for 2004, confirmed the accomplishment of the microeconomic stability.
Positive dynamic of development in Republika Srpska is also illustrated by the microeconomic indicators. Inflation that amounted up to 16% at the end of 2000, has reduced significantly since that time and it ranges between 1–2%, industrial production is increasing and unemployment rate is declining slowly. Inflow of foreign investment doubled in from 2000 to 2003, when it amounted to nearly 5% of GDP.
In 2004, Republika Srpska received more foreign investments than in all previous years. An agreement on strategic partnership were concluded between the Iron Ore Mine Ljubija Prijedor and the British company LNM, a leading world steel producer. The Russian company Južuralzoloto also signed a strategic partnership with the Lead and Zinc Mine Sase Srebrenica.
Since 2001, Republika Srpska initiated significant reforms in the sector of tax system, which lowered the tax burden to 28.6%, one of the lowest in region. The 10% rate of capital gains tax and income tax are the lowest in Europe and highly stimulating for foreign investors, and there are no limits on the amount of earnings. Increasing the number of tax payers and budgeted incomes, and creating a stable fiscal system, were necessary for further reforms in the fields of taxation and duties; this area is a priority goal of the RS authorities. Introduction of VAT, expected in 2005, is one of the most demanding projects for the government.
The average salary in August 2004 was 660KM (around 340 EUR). From 1998-2003, the average salary in Republika Srpska increased from 280 to 660KM, according to the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Hercegovina.
Miscellaneous
Image:Brankomarka.jpg Image:RSDinar.jpg In 1992, the new government of Republika Srpska issued postage stamps and currency -- prized abroad by collectors. From 1992-94 Republika Srpska had its own currency, the Republika Srpska dinar.
Republika Srpska does not have its own Internet domain name (nor does the Federation), but its institutions do not prefer the Bosnia-Herzegovina TLD (.BA) or indeed any other single TLD. Third parties offer the subdomain .RS under either one of the top level domains .BA (Bosnia & Herzegovina) [2] or .SR (Suriname, but resembling Serbia, which actually uses .YU) [3].
See also
- History of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Air Srpska
- Greater Serbia
- Independent State of Croatia
Official pages
- Government page
- President page
- National Assembly page
- Constitutional Court page
- Office of the Public Prosecutor page
- Ministry of Interior page
- Ministry for Refugees and Displaced Persons page
- The Office for Tracing Detained and Missing Persons page
- Tax Administration page
- Customs Directorate page
- Civil Services Agency page
- Directorate for Privatization page
- Chamber of Commerce page
- Institute for Statistic page
- Secretariat for Relations with ICTY page
- Republika Srpska Post page
- RTRS - Entity Government Run Television Station page
External links
- Srpska Online
- The University of East Sarajevo
- Banja Luka University
- Banja Luka Stock Exchange
- Collection of Postal Stamps issued by Republika Srpska
- Free Srpska
- Human Rights Watch: 1994 Ethnic cleansing in Banja Luka
