R-36
From Freepedia
The R-36 is a family of intercontinental ballistic missile and space launch vehicle designs created by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The original R-36 was given the NATO reporting name SS-9 Scarp and was produced under the Soviet industry designation 8K67. The modern version, the R-36M was given the reporting name SS-18 Satan and was produced under the designations 15A14 and 15A18.
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Description
The R-36 is a two stage rocket powered by storable liquid propellant and carrying one of four different warheads developed for the missile. The Mod 1 and Mod 2 were single nuclear re-entry vehicles of 5 and 10 Mt of TNT yield respectively. The Mod 4 was a three-warhead MIRV payload, while the Mod 3 was a proposal for a FOBS which was not adopted.
The R-36P was developed to carry the Mod 4 warhead, while the R-36O was the launch vehicle for the Mod 3 FOBS.
R-36 and R-36P missiles were hot launched from their silos.
The R-36M is similar to the R-36 in design, but has the capacity to mount a single warhead of up to 20 Mt in yield, or a MIRV payload of up to 10 warheads, each with a 0.55 Mt yield. This makes the Soviet R-36 the worlds heaviest MIRV (the US heaviest MIRV is able to carry 10 warheads only 330 KT each). The rocket is two stages. The first is a 460,000 kgf (4.5 MN) thrust motor with four combustion chambers and nozzles. The second stage is a a single-chamber 77,000 kgf (755 kN) thrust motor.
All R-36 variants were designed to be launched from silos in dispersed and hardened locations. The R-36M is placed into its 39 m deep silo in a tubular storage/launch container. Upon launch the missile is shot out of the tube, mortar-fashion, by a piston, driven by the expansion of gases from a slow-burning black powder charge inside the piston. The missile's main engine is ignited tens of metres above the ground, preventing any damage to the internal equipment of the silo itself from the rocket engine fiery efflux. This "cold start" enables to remove quickly the empty launch tube from the silo, to reload a second missile in its container and launch it before the anticipated retaliatory strike arrives. This second salvo capability brings extreme advantage in getting twice the number of own missiles on the enemy targets before the opposing counter-silo warheads can arrive at the launch site of the R-36M.
Development
Development of the R-36 was begun by OKB-586 (KB Yuzhnoye) in 1962, and built upon the work of the R-16 program. Initial development was of light, heavy, and orbital versions, with flight testing from 1962 through 1966, at which time initial operational capability was achieved.
In 1970, development of a fourth version, capable of delivering multiple warheads, was developed, and was test flown the next year.
Further improvement of the R-36 led to the beginning of the design of the R-36M in 1969 with the mission of providing a first-strike capability to allow the destruction of United States LGM-30 Minuteman silos and launch controls before they could retaliate. The initial design of the R-36M called for a single massive 12-Mt warhead to be delivered over a range of 10,600 km. The missile was first tested in 1973 but this test ended in failure. After several delays the R-36M was deployed in December of 1975. This "Mod-1" design was delivered with a single 18–20-Mt warhead and a range of just over 11,000 km. This new version was given a new identity by NATO: SS-18 Satan.
The SS-18 has gone through six separate modifications, with the first modification (Mod-1) being phased out by 1984. The final modification (Mod-6) designated R-36M-2 "Voyvodah" was deployed in August of 1991. This missile could deliver the same 18–20-Mt warhead 16,000 km. Modifications prior to Mod-6 mainly introduced MIRV (Multiple independent reentry vehicles) warheads. These missiles (Mods-2, 4, and 5) in many ways surpassed the US LG-118A Peacekeeper in terms of megatons delivered, accuracy, and survivability.
At full deployment, before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, 308 R-36M launch silos were operational. After the breakup of the USSR, 204 of these were located on the territory of the Russian Federation and 104 on the territory of newly independent Kazakhstan. In the next few years Russia reduced the number of R-36M launch silos to 154 to conform with the START I treaty. The missiles in Kazakhstan were all deactivated by 1995. The subsequent START II treaty was to eliminate all R-36M missiles but it did not enter into force and the missiles remained on duty.
In the last decade Russian armed forces have been steadily reducing the number of R-36M missiles in service, withdrawing those that age past their designed operational lifetime. About 85 of the missiles remain in service as of mid-2005. Russia's effort to maintain them has been made difficult by the fact that their main production facility is now located in independent Ukraine. According to the most recent statements from Russian officials, the R-36MUTTH missiles forming about half of the current R-36M force will be withdrawn in the years 2007-2009. Only about 40 missiles of the most modern variant R-36M2 (or RS-20V) are to undergo a life extension program and may then serve until 2014–2016.
Several remaining SS-18 missiles have been modified for surface launch and now carry lightweight satellites to low earth orbit, including many foreign payloads.
Ukraine's Yuzhnoe Design Bureau continues to manufacture a launch vehicle based on the SS-18, named Dnipro.
Attributions: Federation of American Scientists
See also
External links
- Russia's nuclear forces - 2005
- Yuzhnoe Design Bureau - English-language home page
- Russian strategic nuclear forces - webpage
