Saint Lawrence
From Freepedia
- This page concerns the Christian martyr.
- For other uses, see Saint Lawrence (disambiguation).
| Saint Lawrence | |
|---|---|
| Image:Lawrence-before-Valerianus.jpg | |
| Fra Angelico painted this fresco of Saint Lawrence's trial. Note the deacon's robes on the saint. | |
| Deacon and Martyr | |
| Born | Spain (?) |
| Died | August 10, 258, in Rome |
| Venerated in | Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, some other Christians |
| Canonized | As with most early saints, there was no official canonization process. Cult is documented since the fourth century. |
| Major shrine | Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura in Rome |
| Feast | August 10 |
| Attributes | Usually holding a gridiron and wearing a dalmatic |
| Patronage | Rome, Sri Lanka, librarians, tanners |
| The fire within him enabled him to withstand the external fire. Pope Leo I on St. Lawrence | |
Saint Lawrence (Latin Laurentius, "laurelled") was one of the seven deacons of Rome who were martyred under the persecution of Roman Emperor Valerian in 258. Cyprian, the contemporary bishop of Carthage (Epistles 80.1: ad Successum) mentions the directive of Valerian that Christian bishops, presbyters, and deacons should forthwith be punished, and records the martyrdom of Xystus bishop of Rome, in accordance with it on August 6 (Wace).
The Acta of Lawrence, if they ever existed, were lost by the time of Augustine, one of whose sermons on Saint Lawrence (Sermo 302, de Sancto Laurent.) admits that his narration was gained from tradition instead of reciting the Acts as his preferred custom was (St Ambrose, de Officina i. 41).
Such early legends made Lawrence a native of Huesca (Roman Osca) in Hispania Tarraconensis, who had received religious instruction from Archdeacon Sixtus in Rome. When Sixtus became bishop (by courtesy, in retrospect "Pope") in 257, Lawrence was ordained a deacon and was placed in charge of the administration of Church goods and care for the poor. For this duty, he is regarded as one of the first archivists and treasurers of the Church and made the patron of librarians.
In the persecutions under Emperor Valerian I in 258, numerous priests and bishops were put to death, while Christians belonging to the nobility or the senate were deprived of their goods and exiled. Pope St. Sixtus II was one of the first victims of this persecution, being crucified on August 6. A legend cited by St Ambrose of Milan says that Lawrence met the Pope on his way to his execution, where he is reported to have said, "Where are you going, my dear father, without your son? Where are you hurrying off to, holy priest, without your deacon? Before you never mounted the altar of sacrifice without your servant, and now you wish to do it without me?" The Pope is reported to have prophesied that "after three days you will follow me". Modern scholars tend to read this moving encounter as a literary invention.
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Lawrence and the Holy Chalice
Among the treasure of the Roman church entrusted to Lawrence for safe-keeping, according to the lore accrued to the Holy Chalice, was the cup from which Jesus and the Apostles drank at the Last Supper, which Lawrence was able to spirit away to Huesca, with a letter and a supposed inventory, where it lay hidden and unregarded for centuries. Early sources and the Catholic Encyclopedia make no mention of such an outstanding transaction. When Augustine connects Lawrence with a chalice, it is the chalice of the Mass:
- "For in that Church, you see, as you have regularly been told, he performed the office of deacon; it was there that he administered the sacred chalice of Christ’s blood". —Sermon on St Lawrence.
The jewels of St Lawrence
After the death of Sixtus, the praefect of Rome demanded that Lawrence turn over the riches of the Church. Ambrose (De officiis min. xxviii) is the earliest source for the tale that Lawrence asked for three days to gather together the wealth. Lawrence worked swiftly to distribute as much Church property to the poor as possible, so as to prevent its being seized by the prefect. On the third day, at the head of a small delegation, he presented himself to the prefect, and when ordered to give up the treasures of the Church, he presented the poor, the crippled, the blind and the suffering, and said that these were the true treasures of the Church. One account records him declaring to the prefect, "The Church is truly rich, far richer than your emperor." Compare the parallel Roman tale of the jewels of Cornelia.
Martyrdom
According to legend, Lawrence was slowly roasted to death on a grill, or gridiron, near the field of Verano in Rome; later, the Basilica di San Lorenzo fuori le Mura ("St Lawrence outside the walls") was built to occupy the site. The saint's quip shortly before his death: "The meat is almost ready. Turn and eat." Prudentius' hymn on Lawrence's martyrdom presents him laughing and smiling while he was dying. In his sermons, St. Augustine of Hippo confirms and glorifies Lawrence's martyrdom by roasting. Many modern scholars hold death by decapitation to be more likely. August 10 is celebrated as his feast day in the oldest Christian calendars, such as the Almanac of Philocalus for the year 354, the inventory of which contains the principal feasts of the Roman martyrs of the middle of the fourth century. (CE)
Lawrence was buried in the Via Tiburtina in the Catacomb of Cyriaca by Hippolytus and Justinus, a presbyter. Constantine the Great is said to have built a small oratory in honour of the martyr, which was a station on the itineraries of the graves of the Roman martyrs by the 7th century. Pope Damasus I rebuilt or repaired the church. Henry Wace stated, "Few martyrdoms of the first three centuries are better attested than this one."
Sources
One of the early sources for the martyrdom of Saint Lawrence was the description by Marcus Aurelius Prudentius in his Peristephanon, Hymn II.
Veneration
Lawrence is one of the most widely venerated saints of the Roman Catholic Church. Devotion to him was widespread by the 4th century. As his martyrdom occurred very early in Church history, many other Christians honor him as well.
Lawrence is especially honored in the city of Rome, where he is one of the city's patrons. There are several churches in Rome dedicated to him, including San Lorenzo in Panisperma, traditionally identified as the place of his execution. He is invoked by librarians, cooks, and tanners as their patron. His celebration on August 10 has the rank of feast throughout the Catholic world. On this day, the reliquary containing his burnt head is displayed in the Vatican for veneration.
The Divine Office accords this special prayer to him on his feast day (from the translation in Christian Prayer):
Father, you called Saint Lawrence to serve you by love and crowned his life with glorious martyrdom. Help us to be like him in loving you and doing your work. Grant this through our Lord Jesus Christ, your Son, who lives and reigns with you and the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen.
See also
- Saint-Laurent, French for Saint Lawrence
- Saint Lawrence River
- St. Lawrence Market
- List of saints
- Lorcan Ua Tuathail
External links
- Henry Wace, A Dictionary of Christian Biography: Laurentius
- Catholic Encyclopedia Saint Lawrence
- Golden Legend: "The Life of Saint Laurence"
- Leo I: Sermon on St Lawrence
