Thai alphabet
From Freepedia
| History of the Alphabet |
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Wadi el-Hol 19th c. BC
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| Meroitic 3rd c. BC |
The Thai alphabet (ตัวอักษรไทย) is used to write the Thai language (ภาษาไทย) and other minority languages in Thailand. It has forty-four consonants (พยัญชนะ), twenty-eight vowel forms (รูปสระ) and four tone marks (วรรณยุกต์). The consonants are written horizontally from left to right, while the vowels are arranged above, below, to the left or to the right of the corresponding consonant.
Unlike the Roman alphabet, the Thai alphabet does not distinguish minuscule and majuscule letters. It is usually written with no space between words, which is facilitated by the fact that most Thai words have only one syllable. The end of sentences is marked by a space.
There is a set of Thai numerals (ตัวเลขไทย), but the so-called Arabic numerals (ตัวเลขอารบิก) are also commonly used.
Contents |
History
The Thai alphabet is probably derived from the Old Khmer (อักขระเขมร) script, which is a southern Brahmic script of the Indic family. According to tradition it was created in 1283 by King Ramkhamhaeng the Great (พ่อขุนรามคำแหงมหาราช).
Alphabet listing
| Note: This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. |
You will need a Unicode-capable browser and font that contains the Thai alphabet to view the Thai letters below.
Consonants
There are 44 consonants representing 21 distinct consonant sounds. Duplicate consonants represent different Sanskrit and Pali consonants pronounced identically in Thai. Their continued use is necessary to differentiate among unrelated loan-words which are Thai homophones. The consonants are divided into three classes - low, middle and high - which determine the tone of the following vowel. There are in addition four consonant-vowel combination characters not included in the tally of 44.
To aid learning, each consonant is traditionally associated with a Thai word that either starts with the same sound, or features it prominently. For example, the name of the letter ข is kho khai (ข ไข่), in which kho is the sound it represents, and khai (ไข่) is a word which starts with the same sound and means "egg".
Two of the consonants (kho khuat and kho khon) aren't used in written Thai anymore. Some say that when the first Thai typewriter was developed by Edwin Hunter McFarland in 1892, there was simply no space for all characters, thus two had to be left out.
Equivalents for Romanization are shown in the table below. Many consonants are pronounced differently at the beginning and at the end of a syllable. The entries in columns initial and final indicate the pronunciation for that consonant in the corresponding positions in a syllable. Where the entry is "-", the consonant may not be used to close a syllable. Where a combination of consonants ends a written syllable, only the first is pronounced; possible closing consonant sounds are limited to 'k', 'm', 'n', 'ng', 'p' and 't'.
Although an official standard for Romanisation is defined by the Royal Thai Institute, many publications use different Romanisation systems. In daily practice a bewildering variety of Romanisations is used, making it difficult to know how to pronounce a word, or to judge if two words (e.g. on a map and a street sign) are actually the same. For more precise information, an equivalent from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is given as well.
Each consonant is assigned to a "class" (Low, Middle, High), which plays a role in determining the tone with which the syllable is pronounced.
| Symbol | Name | Royal Thai | IPA | Class | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Initial | Final | Initial | Final | Class | ||
| ก | ko kai (chicken) | k | k | k | k | M |
| ข | kho khai (egg) | kh | k | kʰ | k | H |
| ฃ | kho khuat (bottle) [obsolete] | kh | k | kʰ | k | H |
| ค | kho khwai (water buffalo) | kh | k | kʰ | k | L |
| ฅ | kho khon (person) [obsolete] | kh | k | kʰ | k | L |
| ฆ | kho ra-khang (bell) | kh | k | kʰ | k | L |
| ง | ngo ngu (snake) | ng | ng | ŋ | ŋ | L |
| จ | cho chan (plate) | ch | t | tɕ | t | M |
| ฉ | cho ching (cymbals) | ch | - | tɕʰ | - | H |
| ช | cho chang (elephant) | ch | t | tɕʰ | t | L |
| ซ | so so (chain) | s | t | s | t | L |
| ฌ | cho choe (bush) | ch | - | tɕʰ | - | L |
| ญ | yo ying (woman) | y | n | j | n | L |
| ฎ | do cha-da (headdress) | d | t | d | t | M |
| ฏ | to pa-tak (goad) | t | t | t | t | M |
| ฐ | tho san-than (base) | th | t | tʰ | t | H |
| ฑ | tho nangmon-tho (dancer) | th | t | tʰ | t | L |
| ฒ | tho phu-thao (old person) | th | t | tʰ | t | L |
| ณ | no nen (novice monk) | n | n | n | n | L |
| ด | do dek (child) | d | t | d | t | M |
| ต | to tao (turtle) | t | t | t | t | M |
| ถ | tho thung (sack) | th | t | tʰ | t | H |
| ท | tho thahan (soldier) | th | t | tʰ | t | L |
| ธ | tho thong (flag) | th | t | tʰ | t | L |
| น | no nu (mouse) | n | n | n | n | L |
| บ | bo baimai (leaf) | b | p | b | p | M |
| ป | po plaa (fish) | p | p | p | p | M |
| ผ | pho phueng (bee) | ph | - | pʰ | - | H |
| ฝ | fo fa (lid) | f | - | f | - | H |
| พ | pho phan (tray) | ph | p | pʰ | p | L |
| ฟ | fo fan (teeth) | f | p | f | p | L |
| ภ | pho sam-phao (sailboat) | ph | p | pʰ | p | L |
| ม | mo ma (horse) | m | m | m | m | L |
| ย | yo yak (ogre) | y | y | j | j | L |
| ร | ro ruea (boat) | r | n | r | n | L |
| ฤ | ro rue (short) * | rue | - | rɯ | - | - |
| ฤๅ | ro rue (long) * | rue | - | rɯː | - | - |
| ล | lo ling (monkey) | l | n | l | n | L |
| ฦ | lo lue (short) * | lue | - | lɯ | - | - |
| ฦๅ | lo lue (long) * | lue | - | lɯː | - | - |
| ว | wo waen (ring) | w | w | w | w | L |
| ศ | so sala (pavilion) | s | t | s | t | H |
| ษ | so rue-si (hermit) | s | t | s | t | H |
| ส | so suea (tiger) | s | t | s | t | H |
| ห | ho hip (chest) | h | - | h | - | H |
| ฬ | lo chu-la (kite) | l | n | l | n | L |
| อ | o ang (basin) | ** | - | ʔ | - | M |
| ฮ | ho nok-huk (owl) | h | - | h | - | L |
* Consonant-vowel combination characters, not members of any group.
** อ is a special case in that at the beginning of a word it is used as a silent initial for syllables that start with a vowel (all vowels are written relative to a consonant — see below).
Vowels
Thai vowel sounds and diphthongs are written using a mixture of vowel symbols, consonants, and combinations of vowel symbols. Each vowel is shown in its correct position relative to an initial consonant (indicated by a dash "–") and sometimes a final consonant as well (second dash). Note that vowels can go above, below, left of or right of the consonant, or combinations of these places. If a vowel has parts before and after the initial consonant, and the syllable starts with a consonant cluster, the split will go around the whole cluster.
The pronunciation is indicated by the International Phonetic Alphabet and the Romanisation according to the Royal Thai Institute as well as several variant Romanisations often encountered. A very approximate equivalent in Northeastern US English is given.
| Symbol | Name | IPA | Royal | Variants | Sound |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| – | implied a | a | a | u | u in "nut" |
| – – | implied o | o | o | oa in "boat" | |
| –รร– | ro han * | ɑ | a | u | u in "nut" |
| –ว– | wo waen * | ua | ua | uar | ewe in "newer" |
| –อ | sara o * | ɔː | o | or, aw, ow | aw in "saw" |
| –ะ | sara a | aʔ | a | u | u in "nut" |
| –ั – | mai han-akat | ɑ | a | u | u in "nut" |
| –ัว | sara ua | ua | ua | ewer | ewe in "newer" |
| –ัวะ | sara ua | uaʔ | ua | ewer | ewe in "sewer" |
| –า | sara a | aː | a | ar, aa | a in "father" |
| –ำ | sara am | ɑm | am | um | um in "sum" |
| –ิ | sara i | i | i | y in "greedy" | |
| –ี | sara i | iː | i | ee, ii, y | ee in "see" |
| –ึ | sara ue | ɯ | ue | eu, uh | u in French "du" (short) |
| –ื | sara ue | ɯː | ue | eu | u in French "dur" (long) |
| –ุ | sara u | u | u | oo | oo in "look" |
| –ู | sara u | uː | u | oo, uu | ue in "sue" |
| เ– | sara e | eː | e | ay, a, ae, ai | a in "lame" |
| เ–็ – | sara e | e | e | e in "neck" | |
| เ–ะ | sara e | eʔ | e | eh | e in "neck" |
| เ–อ | sara oe | ɤː | oe | ur, eu, u | u in "burn" |
| เ–อะ | sara oe | ɤʔ | oe | eu, u | e in "the" |
| เ–ิ – | sara oe | ɤ | oe | eu, u | e in "the" |
| เ–า | sara ao | aw | ao | aw, ow | ow in "cow" |
| เ–าะ | sara o | ɔʔ | o | orh, oh, or | o in "not" |
| เ–ีย | sara ia | ia | ia | ear, ere | ea in "ear" |
| เ–ียะ | sara ia | iaʔ | ia | iah, ear | ea in "ear" with glottal stop |
| เ–ียว | sara iao | io | iao | iow | io in "trio" |
| เ–ือ | sara uea | ɯːa | uea | eua, ua | ure io in "pure" |
| แ– | sara ae | ɛː | ae | a, e | a in "ham" |
| แ–ะ | sara ae | ɛʔ | ae | aeh, a | a in "at" |
| โ– | sara o | oː | o | or, oh | o in "go" |
| โ–ะ | sara o | oʔ | o | oh | o in "poke" |
| ใ– | sara ai mai muan | ɑj | ai | ay, y | i in "I" |
| ไ– | sara ai mai malai | ɑj | ai | ay, y | i in "I" |
* vowels or diphthongs written with consonant symbols
Diacritics
Each mark is shown in its correct location relative to the consonant kor kai. The names of the tones are derived from the numbers one, two, three and four in an Indic language.
| Symbol | Name | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ก่ | mai ek | tone mark |
| ก้ | mai tho | tone mark |
| ก๊ | mai tri | tone mark |
| ก๋ | mai jattawa | tone mark |
| ก็ | mai taikhu | shortens vowel |
| ก์ | mai thantakhat | indicates silent letter |
Other symbols
| Symbol | Name | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ฯ | paiyaan noi | preceding word is abbreviated |
| ฯลฯ | paiyaan yai | etc. |
| ๆ | mai yamok | preceding word or phrase is repeated |
Thai in computing
TIS-620 is the best-established character set and character encoding for the Thai alphabet. TIS-620 has been adopted verbatim in the Unicode range for Thai, U+0E00 ... U+0E7F.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | ||
| E00 | | ก | ข | ฃ | ค | ฅ | ฆ | ง | จ | ฉ | ช | ซ | ฌ | ญ | ฎ | ฏ | |
| E10 | ฐ | ฑ | ฒ | ณ | ด | ต | ถ | ท | ธ | น | บ | ป | ผ | ฝ | พ | ฟ | |
| E20 | ภ | ม | ย | ร | ฤ | ล | ฦ | ว | ศ | ษ | ส | ห | ฬ | อ | ฮ | ฯ | |
| E30 | ะ | ั | า | ำ | ิ | ี | ึ | ื | ุ | ู | ฺ | | | | | ฿ | |
| E40 | เ | แ | โ | ใ | ไ | ๅ | ๆ | ็ | ่ | ้ | ๊ | ๋ | ์ | ํ | ๎ | ๏ | |
| E50 | ๐ | ๑ | ๒ | ๓ | ๔ | ๕ | ๖ | ๗ | ๘ | ๙ | ๚ | ๛ | | | | | |
| E60 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| E70 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
See Also
Categories: Pages containing IPA | Abugida writing systems | Alphabetic writing systems | Thai culture
