Defensive wall

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(Redirected from Town wall)

Image:Brasov-defence-wall.jpg Defensive walls were used to enclose settlements from prehistory into the modern period. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China and the Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose vast regions.

Many town walls were supplemented with towers and were frequently surrounded by dry ditches or wet moats. The most important and expensive components of town walls were the gates. The practice of building these massive walls, though having its origins in prehistory, was refined during the rise of city-states, and energetic wall-building continued into the medieval period and beyond in certain parts of Europe.

Often the walls proved impenetrable to attacking armies which then laid siege to the city. Nonetheless, walls also had a number of important non-military functions. They symbolised the wealth and prestige of communities, served as barriers against disease and 'low level' types of threat and were valued by citizens as perambulations, while gates acted as toll-collection points and were often showpieces of municipal pride. Within walled cities, the poor and "noxious trades" were generally located near or outside the walls.

Africa

Zinder, Nigeria was well known for its city wall, the remains of which can still be seen.

Austria

Vienna (destroyed)

Canada

Quebec City, Quebec is the only fortified city north of Mexico whose walls still exist, in the Americas.

China

Great Wall of China
Chinese cities occasionally have remnants of city walls that were built in the Ming Dynasty and designed to withstand artillery bombardment. Chinese cities generally outgrew their walls, which fell into disrepair in the Qing dynasty. The city of Xi'an has well-preserved walls with a water filled moat that is a tourist attraction incorporating small parks surrounding a busy and modern area of the city.
The walls of Beijing were demolished during the 1960s to open large streets around the city. A metro line also follows the location of the former city walls.
Jingzhou
Walled villages can still be found in Mainland China and Hong Kong.

Croatia

Dubrovnik has well-preserved city fortifications including towers, gate, rampart walk and two citadels guarding the docks.
Stone walls built in 14th-16th century, at the isthmus of the Pelješac peninsula, to the north of Dubrovnik; 890 meters long town wall and 5 km Great Wall outside the town
Karlovac city walls, built in 1579 as a six-point star with bastions.
The town of Split retains much of its ancient wall.

France

Germany

Image:Buedingen grosses Bollwerk.jpg

The German Democratic Republic claimed that the Berlin Wall (and the whole DDR border system) was defensive; but it was rather intended to prevent unauthorized emigration.

Hungary

Buda

Israel

Jerusalem's Old City Walls
The walls of Akko (Acre) - 18th century modern Ottoman fortification able to withstand cannons attack. The wall has been restored and now includes rampart for tourists.

Ireland

Pale

Middle East

Jericho's Ancient City Walls - probably the most ancient stone wall ever discovered.

Morocco and Western Sahara

In the 1980s, Morocco built a system of sand wall defenses, the Moroccan Wall (also known as the "Western Sahara walls" or "berm"), to keep the Polisario out of the Western Sahara.

the Netherlands

Philippines

Intramuros - partially preserved, partially restored after WWII. Original walls are still on are well preserved.
Fort San Pedro - in Cebu
Fort San Antonio Abad - in Manila
Fort Pillar- a Spanish defence fort in the island of Mindanao

Image:Warsaw oldtown2.jpg

Poland

Warsaw - partially preserved, partially restored after World War II, barbican restored
Kraków - only the barbican and some traces preserved
Zamość - complete renaissance and 19th century walls preserved
Toruń
Grudziądz
Włocławek
Tyniec

Spain

Ávila
Barcelona has portions of a Roman wall.
Girona
Lugo has a complete ringwall, some parts dating back to Roman times.
Toledo

Sweden

Visby
Gothenburg has a part of the western city wall left, the bastion Carolus Rex at Esperanto platsen (Esperanto square) and most of the city moat is still left.
Stockholm has a small remainder of the medeival city wall preserved.

Turkey

Istanbul

United Kingdom

Fragments of London Wall, the wall that once surrounded the Roman town of Londinium, are still visible just outside the Museum of London and at Tower Hill.
The extensive remnains of the York city walls are both a shortcut above the streets and, as in many places, a tourist attraction.
The walls of Coventry were demolished in 1662 and now only a few fragments survive.
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Canterbury
Chester
Chichester
Conwy
Londonderry
Stirling
Warwick

United States

Wall Street, in New York City, is named after New York's old city wall, long since dismantled.