U.S. presidential election, 1976
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Image:ElectoralCollege1976-Large.png
The U.S. presidential election of 1976 followed the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon in the wake of the Watergate scandal. It pitted incumbent President Gerald Ford against the relatively unknown former governor of Georgia, Jimmy Carter. Ford was saddled with a slow economy and paid a political price for his pardon of Nixon. Carter ran as an outsider and a reformer and won.
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Nominations
Democratic Party nomination
- Democratic candidates
- Birch Bayh, U.S senator from Indiana
- Lloyd Bentsen, U.S. senator from Texas
- Jerry Brown, governor of California
- Jimmy Carter, former governor of Georgia
- Frank Church, U.S. senator from Idaho
- Fred R. Harris, former U.S. senator from Oklahoma, former candidate for the 1972 nomination, and former chairman of the Democratic National Committee
- Henry M. "Scoop" Jackson, U.S. senator from Washington, former chairman of the Democratic National Committee, and former candidate for the 1972 nomination
- Robert Byrd, U.S. senator from West Virginia ("favorite son" candidate)
- Terry Sanford, former governor of North Carolina
- Milton Shapp, governor of Pennsylvania
- Sargent Shriver, former ambassador to France, first director of the Peace Corps and the Office of Economic Opportunity, and 1972 vice-presidential nominee
- Adlai Stevenson III, U.S. senator from Illinois ("favorite son" candidate)
- Morris "Mo" Udall, U.S. representative from Arizona
- George Wallace, governor of Alabama, former candidate for the 1972 nomination, and 1968 American Independent Party presidential nominee
During a primary season with a long list of candidates, Carter rose from being unknown nationally to become the frontrunner, with Udall coming second in a number of close primaries. Carter won primaries first in his native Georgia, then in Alabama and Indiana, and quickly had a national campaign suitable for defeating challenges from Jackson and Church and a late challenge from Jerry Brown.
Republican Party nomination
- Republican candidates
- Gerald Ford, incumbent President of the United States
- Ronald Reagan, former governor from California
Incumbent President Ford, appointed to the vice-presidency after the resignation of Spiro Agnew and then elevated to the presidency by the resignation of Richard Nixon, was the only U.S. president never to have been elected president or vice president. His policy goals were frustrated by Congress, heavily Democratic after the 1974 mid-term election and infuriated by his decision to pardon Nixon for any criminal acts he committed or may have committed as part of the Watergate scandal.
Reagan and the conservative wing of the Republican Party faulted Ford for failing to do more to assist South Vietnam (which finally collapsed in April 1975 with the fall of Saigon) and for his signing of the Helsinki Accords, which they took as implicit acceptance of Soviet domination over Eastern Europe. Conservatives were also infuriated by Ford's continuation of negotiations to withdraw from the Panama Canal.
Reagan began to openly criticize Ford starting in the summer of 1975, and formally launched his campaign in the autumn. Although Ford narrowly won the New Hampshire primary, Reagan won primaries across the nation, resulting in the closest primary season in American history. Reagan, who was unable to gain a majority of superdelegate votes or overcome fears that he was too inexperienced and too conservative, withdrew from the race at the end of the convention, but was permitted to address the delegates—virtually overshadowing Ford's own speech—and convinced Ford to drop Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, who was seen as too liberal, in favor of Senator Bob Dole of Kansas.
General election
Campaign
Ford and Carter in debate.
Jimmy Carter ran as an honest outsider and reformer, which many voters found attractive in the wake of the Watergate Scandal. President Ford, although personally unconnected with Watergate, was seen by many as too close to the discredited Richard Nixon administration, especially after Ford granted Nixon a presidential pardon.
Carter led consistently in the polls, as Ford was never able to shake voter dissatisfaction following Watergate. Ford was seen as the winner of the first debate, looking more presidential, but during the second debate Ford made an important blunder when he stated "there is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and there never will be under a Ford administration." (He also said that he did not "believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union.") In the end, Ford eliminated most of Carter's lead in a dramatic surge, but Carter still narrowly won the election. Carter was the first Democrat since John F. Kennedy in 1960 to carry the states of the Deep South, and the first since Lyndon Johnson in 1964 to carry an unquestionable majority of southern states; in fact, he carried all but Virginia. It would be 16 more years before any Southern state endorsed a Democrat for president when Bill Clinton, a fellow Southerner, ran for president in 1992.
The election was held on November 2, 1976.
Had Ford won the election, the provisions of the 22nd amendment would have disqualified him from running in 1980 because he served more than two years of Nixon's term.
Results
| Presidential Candidate | Party | Home State | Popular Vote | Electoral Vote | Running Mate | Running Mate's Home State | Running Mate's Electoral Vote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | Percentage | |||||||
| James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. | Democratic | Georgia | 40,831,881 | 50.1% | 297 | Walter Frederick Mondale | Minnesota | 297 |
| Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. | Republican | Michigan | 39,148,634 | 48.0% | 240 | Robert Joseph Dole | Kansas | 241 |
| Ronald Wilson Reagan | Republican | California | —(a) | —(a) | 1 | |||
| Eugene J. McCarthy | (none) | Minnesota | 740,460 | 0.9% | 0 | (b) | (b) | 0 |
| Roger MacBride | Libertarian | Vermont | 172,553 | 0.2% | 0 | David Bergland | California | 0 |
| Lester Maddox | American Independent | Georgia | 170,274 | 0.2% | 0 | William D. Dyke | Wisconsin | 0 |
| Thomas J. Anderson | American | (c) | 158,271 | 0.2% | 0 | Rufus Shackelford | 0 | |
| Peter Camejo | Socialist Workers | 90,986 | 0.1% | 0 | Willie Mae Reid | 0 | ||
| Other | 218,525 | 0.3% | 0 | Other | 0 | |||
| Total | 81,531,584 | 100.0% | 538 | Total | 538 | |||
| Needed to win | 270 | Needed to win | 270 | |||||
Source (Popular Vote): Leip, David. 1976 Presidential Election Results. Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections (August 7, 2005).
Source (Electoral Vote): Electoral College Box Scores 1789–1996. Official website of the National Archives. (August 7, 2005).
(a) A rogue Republican elector from Washington State gave Ronald Reagan one electoral vote.
(b) The running mate of McCarthy varied from state to state, possibly in an effort to attract local voters similar to that tried by the Whigs in 1836, but this reasoning is an unverified theory.
(c) Wikipedia research has not yet determined whether Anderson's home state was Tennessee or Texas at the time of the 1976 election.
See also
| U.S. presidential elections | |
|---|---|
|
1789–1799: 1789 | 1792 | 1796 | |
