Velar nasal

From Freepedia

IPA – number	119
IPA – text	ŋ
IPA – image	Image:Xsampa-N2.png
entity	ŋ
X-SAMPA	N
Kirshenbaum	N
Sound sample ▶(?)

The velar nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ŋ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N.

Contents 1 Features 2 Varieties of [ŋ] 3 In English 4 In other languages 5 See also

Features

Features of the velar nasal:

• Its manner of articulation is stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
• Its place of articulation is velar which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).
• Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
• It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.

The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter n with a leftward tail protruding from the bottom of the right stem of the letter. Compare n and ŋ Both the symbol and the sound are commonly called as "eng" or "engma" and sometimes in reference to Greek, "agma". The symbol ŋ should not be confused with ɳ, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem or with ɲ, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem.

Varieties of [ŋ]

IPA	Description
ŋ	plain ŋ
ŋ̊	voiceless ŋ
ŋ̍	syllabic ŋ
ŋ̈	breathy voiced ŋ
ŋ̃	creaky voiced ŋ

In English

The velar occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the letters 'ng' in sing or the letter 'n' in bank.

In other languages

The [ŋ] sound is a fairly common sound cross-linguistically. It is unusual in that in many languages it is only permitted in postvocalic positions (after vowels), like in English, Mandarin Chinese, and Korean. However, in other languages it is permitted at the beginnings of syllables, like in the name of the language Ngaju Dayak; Nenets even inserts it in word-initial position. In Cantonese Chinese, not only is it permitted at the beginning of syllables, but it can be a standalone syllable itself. For instance, the surname Ng (sometimes transliterated as Eng) is a common Cantonese surname and is pronounced [ŋ̩].

In Ancient Greek it was written with a gamma γ, and it was probably an allophone of /n/, as in Italian, Spanish and Modern Greek. In modern Germanic languages, it is a separate phoneme—originally, it was only an allophone in Germanic, too. Nevertheless, there is a Runic letter that represents [ŋ]. In his book Ancient Scripts And Phonological Knowledge, Gary D. Miller argues that the Runic [ŋ]-letter is composed of two gammas - however, two gammas never represented [ŋ] in Greek, but [ŋg]. In Latin, [ŋ] was represented by n before c, g; and by g before n—agnus was pronounced /aŋnus/.

In Northern Sami, [ŋ] is represented by the letter ŋ.

See also

• List of phonetics topics

Consonants (List, table)	See also: IPA, Vowels
Pulmonics Bilabial Lab'den. Dental Alveolar Postalv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn. Epiglottal Glottal   Non-pulmonics and other symbols Plosives p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ  Clicks  ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Nasals m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ  Implo­sives  ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ Trills ʙ r • ʀ •  Ejec­tives  pʼ tʼ kʼ qʼ sʼ Flaps & Taps • • ɾ ɽ • Other laterals  ɺ ɫ Fricatives ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Co-articulated approximants  ʍ w ɥ Lat. Fricatives ɬ ɮ • • • Other fricatives  ɕ ʑ ɧ    Approximants    β̞ ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Affricates  ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ Lat. Appr'mants l ɭ ʎ ʟ Co-articulated stops  kp ɡb ŋm
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.