Voiceless postalveolar affricate
From Freepedia
| IPA – number | 103 (134) |
| IPA – text | tʃ |
| IPA – image | Image:IPA voiceless postalveolar affricate.png |
| entity | tʃ |
| X-SAMPA | tS |
| Kirshenbaum | tS |
| Sound sample [[:Image:|▶]](?) | |
|---|---|
The voiceless palato-alveolar fricative or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is [tʃ], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is [tS]. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are č and more rarely tš.
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar plosive (k, as in English, Mandarin Chinese, and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental plosive (t, as in Japanese) by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel.
Contents |
Features
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
- Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then directing it through a groove in the tongue and over the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the front of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the body of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.
- Its phonation type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
In English
An aspirated and slightly labialized voiceless palato-alveolar affricate occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the digraph ch in chip.
In Portuguese
In Brazilian Portuguese, the letter t before the sound [i] (spelled as i or non-tonic e) can be pronounced [tʃ], as an allophone of [t]. A similar change occurs converting [d] to [dʒ].
In other languages
Various types of postalveolar affricates are present with the following spellings in these languages. (Not all palato-alveolar.)
- tx in Basque and Catalan
- cs in Hungarian
- ch in Spanish and Quiché
- zh (unaspirated) and ch (aspirated) in Mandarin Pinyin (retroflex)
- cz in Polish (retroflex)
- ç in Turkish and Albanian
- ċ in Maltese
- č in Czecho-Slovak, Croatian, Slovenian, Lithuanian, Latvian, and in Karelian, Northern Sami, Skolt Sami, and Inari Sami.
- c followed by i or e in Italian and Romanian, as well as the church pronunciation of Latin
- ч in Bulgarian, Belarusian, and Ukrainian (but not Russian)
- چ in Persian and Urdu
- च (unaspirated) and छ (aspirated) in Sanskrit, Hindi, and other languages written in Devanagari
- চ (unaspirated) and ছ (aspirated) in Bengali
- ㅈ (unaspirated) and ㅊ (aspirated) in Korean
- ቸ in Amharic
- tch in loans in French
- tsch in loans in German
- č or tš in loans Estonian
- tš in foreign transcriptions in Finnish (unknown in Finnish itself)
Also, some constructed languages and alphabets include unusual orthographies, such as ĉ in Esperanto or something resembling ч in Klingon.
The following are often mistakenly thought to be this sound: Dutch tj; Mandarin j, q (in Pinyin); Russian ч; Japanese ち, and Thai จ, ฉ, ช, and ฌ. These are actually alveolo-palatal or, in the case of Dutch tj, prepalatal. In Swedish, pronunciation of tj varies, but this affricate is interchangeable and does not contrast with tj, and is actually the standard pronunciation in some varieties of Finland-Swedish.
See also
| Consonants (List, table) | See also: IPA, Vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
