World War II casualties

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World War II was the single deadliest conflict the world had ever seen, causing many tens of millions of deaths. The tables below provide a detailed country by country count of death by side. Note that some countries switched sides and reentered the war on the side of the Allies after they were defeated as Axis nations.

Contents

Combined Totals

Combining the total deaths of 11,000,000 people for the Axis and 57,000,000 people for the Allies, the total estimated human loss of life, irrespective of political alignment, caused by World War II was roughly 68,000,000 people with combined civilian and military deaths of 25,000,000 and 43,000,000 respectivly.

Casualties by country

The casualties of World War II were suffered disproportionately by the various participants. This is especially true regarding civilian casualties. The following chart gives data on the casualties suffered by each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses.

Country Population 1939 Military deaths Civilian deaths Total deaths Total deaths/1,000 pop.
Albania[1] 1,100,000 28,000 28,000 25.5
Australia[2] 7,000,000 39,366 735[3] 40,119 5.7
Belgium[4] 8,400,000 12,000 76,000 88,000 10.5
Brazil 41,500,000 493 493 .00
Bulgaria[5] 6,300,000 22,000 22,000 3.5
Burma[6] 17,500,000 60,00060,0003.4
Canada 11,600,000 39,300 39,300 3.4
China[7] 530,000,000 4,100,000 15,500,000 19,600,000 37.0
Czechoslovakia[8] 15,300,000 30,000 340,000 370,000 24.2
Denmark 3,800,000 4,100 4,100 1.1
Estonia [9] 1,100,000 40,000 40,000 36.4
Ethiopia[10] 14,100,000 5,000 200,000 205,000 14.5
Finland[11] 3,700,000 82,000 2,000 84,000 22.7
France[12] 41,700,000 210,000 350,000 560,000 13.4
French Indo-China[13]24,600,000 2,000 485,000 487,000 19.8
Germany 78,000,000 [14] 5,500,000 [15] 2,100,000[16] 7,600,000 97.4
Greece[17] 7,200,000 20,000 280,000 300,000 41.7
Hungary[18] 9,200,000 300,000 280,000 580,000 63.0
India 345,000,000 36,100 1,500,000 1,536,100 4.5
Indonesia [19] 70,500,000 400,000 400,000 5.7
Iraq 3,700,000 1,000 1,000 .3
Italy[20] 43,800,000 313,000 130,000 443,000 10.1
Japan[21] 78,000,000 1,930,000 700,000 2,630,000 33.7
Korea[22] 23,400,000 378,000 378,000 16.2
Latvia[23] 2,000,000 220,000 220,000 110.0
Lithuania[24] 2,500,000 345,000 345,000 138.0
Luxembourg[25] 300,000 4,000 4,000 13.3
Malaya [26] 5,500,000 83,00083,000 15.1
Malta 300,000 2,0002,000 6.7
Mongolia 700,000 300 300 .4
Netherlands[27] 8,700,000 12,000 200,000 212,000 24.4
New Zealand 1,600,000 12,200 12,200 7.6
Norway 2,900,000 3,000 7,000 10,000 3.4
Philippines 16,400,000 42,000 119,000 161,000 9.8
Pacific Islands[28] 1,900,00 57,000 57,000 30.0
Poland[29] 34,800,000 123,000 5,500,000 5,623,000 161.6
Romania[30] 19,900,000 317,000 450,000 767,000 38.5
Singapore[31] 700,000 200,000200,000285.7
Spain 25,500,000 4,000 [32] 4,000 .2
South Africa 10,300,000 6,841 6.841 0.7
Soviet Union[33] 168,500,000 10,400,000 12,600,000 23,000,000164
Thailand 15,300,000 5,647 310 5,957 .4
United Kingdom[34] 47,800,000 272,000 93,500 365,500 7.6
United States[35] 132,000,000 405,000 8,000 413,000 3.1
Yugoslavia[36] 15,400,000 300,000800,000 1,100,000 71.4
Totals 1,899,500,000 22,563,247 48,524,663 68,087,910 35.9

[37]

Casualties by alliance

Image:WW2Allied Casualties.png
Image:WW2Axis Casualties.png


Casualties by branch of service

Country Branch of service Number served Killed/missing Wounded Prisoner of war Killed per 1,000 served
Germany Army 13,000,000 1,622,600 4,188,000 1,646,300 124.8
Air Force 3,400,000 294,900 216,600 86.7
Navy 1,500,000 149,200 25,300 99.5
Japan Army 6,300,000 1,526,000 85,600 30,000 242.2
Navy 2,100,000 414,900 8,900 10,000 197.6
Soviet Union All branches 18,000,000 8,000,000 source 4,000,000 500
United Kingdom Army 3,778,000 177,800 239,600 152,076 47.1
Air Force 1,185,000 76,300 22,800 13,100 65.4
Navy 923,000 51,600 14,700 7,400 55.9
United States Army 7,900,000 165,800 574,300 79,800 21.0
Air Force 3,400,000 54,700 17,900 40,200 16.1
Navy 4,183,000 36,900 37,800 8.8
Marine Corps 669,000 19,600 67,200 29.3

Equipment losses[1]

Aircraft losses

While the reporting of air losses varied from country to country and even between campaigns, it is not reasonable to provide a clean overall listing of aircraft losses during the war. A summary by nation indicates the best known information regarding losses.

  • Finland: Reported losses during the Winter War totalled 67, of which 42 were operational, while 536 aircraft were lost during the Continuation War, of which 209 were operational losses.
  • France: From the beginning of the war until the capitulation of France in 1940, 892 aircraft were lost, of which 413 were in action and 234 were on the ground. Losses included 508 fighters and 218 bombers.
  • Germany: Estimated total losses for the war totalled 116,584 aircraft, of which 70,000 were total losses and the remainder significantly damaged. By type, losses totalled 41,452 fighters, 22,037 bombers, 15,428 trainers, 10,221 twin-engine fighters, 8,548 ground attack, 6,733 reconnaissance, and 6,141 transports.
  • Italy: Total losses were 5,272 aircraft, of which 3,269 were lost in combat.
  • Japan: Estimates vary from 35,000 to 50,000 total losses, with about 20,000 lost operationally.
  • Netherlands: Total losses were 81 aircraft during the May, 1940 campaign.
  • Poland: Total losses were 398 destroyed, including 116 fighters, 112 dive bombers, 81 reconnaissance aircraft, 36 bombers, 21 sea planes, and 9 transports.
  • Soviet Union: Estimated total losses were over 100,000 from all causes.
  • United Kingdom: Total losses in Europe were 22,010, including 10,045 fighters and 11,965 bombers.
  • United States: Total losses were nearly 45,000, including 22,951 operational losses (18,418 in Europe and 4,533 in the Pacific).

Naval losses

Country Carriers Battleships Cruisers Destroyers Escorts Submarines Notes
Australia 3 4 2
Canada 6 11
Germany 12 10 50 1023 Includes scuttled ships
Italy 1 11 84 84
Japan 19 8 37 134 130 3 further battleships foundered
Soviet Union 1 3 33 100 Submarine total estimated
United Kingdom 8 5 30 110 58 77
United States 11 2 10 71 10 53

Footnotes

  1. ^  Official Albanian government data.
  2. ^  Reported military deaths range from 29,400 to 39,600.
  3. ^  Australian War Memorial website article, Australian Military Statistics: WWII - A Global Perspective. June 2005.
  4. ^  G. Frumkin, Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. Civilian losses include 40,000 Jews deported by the Nazis.
  5. ^  V. Erlikman, Poteri Narodonaseleniya V 20 Veke, Moscow 2004. Bulgarian losses with Axis in Yugoslavia were 2,320; partisans 10,000 and with allies in 1945 campaign 10,000.
  6. ^  R.J. Rummel, Statistics of Democide, Univ. of Virginia 1997. Deaths due forced labor and famine during Japanese occupation. Rummel cites sources that range between 60-100,000 dead.
  7. ^  R. J. Rummel, China's Bloody Century, Transaction 1991. Military losses include 430,000 dead serving as allies of Japan. Rummel cites sources that range from 10.6 to 37 million total war dead.
  8. ^ V. Erlikman, Poteri Narodonaseleniya V 20 Veke, Moscow 2004. Czech Forces with the allies lost about 8,000; Slovak Axis forces 7,000 and partisan losses of 10,000. Civilian losses include 270,000 Jews from the territories of prewar Czechoslovikia.
  9. ^  Includes civilian losses due to war and Soviet occupation. Does not include military dead with Soviet and German Armed Forces. Source: V. Erlikman, Poteri Narodonaseleniya V 20 Veke, Moscow 2004.
  10. ^  R.J. Rummel, Statistics of Democide, Univ. of Virginia 1997. Rummel estimates 200,000 killed by the Italians however the official Ethiopian government report claims 760,000 total dead due Italian occupation from 1935-41.
  11. ^  Figures include casualties from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union as well as action against German forces in 1944, Winter War figures include 24,900 military deaths and war from 1941-45 of 57,000.
  12. ^  Marc Nouschi in Bilan de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, Le Seuil, 1996, ISBN 2020231948, estimates the total military casualties to 250,000 and the civilian casualties at 350,000. G. Frumkin, Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. Lists the total of 250,000 military dead which included 40,000 French deaths in German Army (mostly men conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine). Civilian losses include 100,000 Jews deported by the Germans. V. Erlikman, Poteri Narodonaseleniya V 20, Veke, Moscow 2004. Details losses of Africans in the French Forces at about 10,000.
  13. ^  R.J. Rummel, Statistics of Democide, Univ. of Virginia 1997. Rummel cites sources that range from 1 to 2 Million deaths due the Japanese occupation.
  14. ^  Including Austria, Danzig, and Memel.
  15. ^  R. Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkreig, Oldenbourg 2000. Includes 4,450,000 from pre-war Germany, 261,000 from Austria, 530,000 ethnic Germans from eastern Europe 30,0000 French and 30,000 volunteers from western Europe. Overmans derived his data using statistical analysis of German High Command personnel records. In addition to these losses the Wehermact High Command reported the losses of Soviet citizens serving in the German military separately. A Soviet source, G. I. Kirosheev, in Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses reported thease losses as 215,000. In this table they are recorded with German Military losses.
  16. ^  Civilian losses include 400,000 killed in air attacks; 1,100,000 German civilian dead in eastern Europe during 1945-46 according to by R. Overmans in Deutsche militarische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkreig and 600,000 victims of the Nazis (including 240,000 Jews and 300,000 political prisoners)
  17. ^  Figures include 140,000 civilian deaths due to war-related famine, 60,000 Greek Jews deported by the Germans and 80,000 Greeks killed during the German occupation.
  18. ^  Tomas Stark, Hungary's Human Losses in World War Two, Uppsala 1995. Hungarian military losses include 110,000 men who were conscripted in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. Civilian losses include 220,000 Jews.
  19. ^  R.J. Rummel, Statistics of Democide, Univ. of Virginia 1997. Deaths due forced labor and famine during Japanese occupation. Rummel cites sources that range from 200,000 to 1.5 million forced labor dead and a UN report listing 4 million famine dead.
  20. ^  Source Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V., Ministero della Difesa - Edizioni 1986). Military dead prior to the September 1943 armistice were given as 197,000. Victims of Nazi oppression included 41,000 POW's and 23,000 civilians.
  21. ^  Figures include casualties from pre World War II theatres. Data cited in War Without Mercy, By J. Dower. The Official total of Japanese military dead is 1,740,000 plus 190,000 missing in the USSR after the war. Civilian losses include 393,000 dead in US air attacks, 150,000 civilians killed on Okinawa, 110,000 post war deaths related to the Atomic attacks and 60,000 civilians missing after the war in China and the USSR.
  22. ^  R.J. Rummel, Statistics of Democide, Univ. of Virginia 1997. Deaths due forced labor during Japanese occupation. Rummel cites sources that range from 60,000 to 810,00 forced labor dead. Korean losses in the Japanese Army are included with Japan's losses.
  23. ^  Includes civilian losses due to war and Soviet occupation. Does not include military dead with Soviet and German Armed Forces. Source: V. Erlikman. Poteri Narodonaseleniya V 20, Veke: Moscow 2004. Included in these losses are 65,000 Jews.
  24. ^ Includes civilian losses due to war and Soviet occupation. Does not include military dead with Soviet and German Armed Forces. Source: V. Erlikman, Poteri Narodonaseleniya V 20, Veke: Moscow 2004. Included in these losses are 173,000 Jews.
  25. ^ Military losses of 3,000 are included with Germany and 200 in Belgian Army. Civilian losses include 2,000 Jews.
  26. ^  R.J. Rummel, Statistics of Democide, Univ. of Virginia 1997. Deaths due forced labor and famine during Japanese occupation. Rummel cites sources that range from 55,000 to 100,000 total civilian losses.
  27. ^  G. Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951, lists Dutch losses as "7,900 in the Dutch armed forces and merchant Marine and 3,700 in the Whermacht." A total of 198,000 civilian dead which included 104,000 Jews.
  28. ^  R.J. Rummel, Statistics of Democide, Univ. of Virginia 1997. Rummel cites evidence presented at Tokyo war crimes trials.
  29. ^  Civilian losses include 350,000 killed by Soviet's as well as 5.1 Million deaths related to the German occupation and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943-45 by Ukrainian partisans. Losses by ethnic group include 3,000,000 Jews, 2,100,000 Ethnic Poles and 500,000 Ukrainians and Belorussians. Losses by geographic area were 3.3 million in present day Poland and about 2,3 million in the territory ceded to the USSR in 1945. Source: See remarks by Prof. Tadeuz Piotrowski on Polish casualties[38].
  30. ^  Romania was a member of the Axis until 1944; Military casualties include 200,000 missing and 120,000 confirmed dead. See Mark Axworthy, Third Axis Fourth Ally, 1995. Civilian losses were 300,000 Jewish dead in Besserarbia and Bukavina and 140,000 Jews from the territory of present day Rumania.
  31. ^  R.J. Rummel, Statistics of Democide, Univ. of Virginia 1997. Deaths due repression during Japanese occupation. Rummel cites sources that range from 100,000 to 300,000 total civilian losses. The evidence at Tokyo war crimes trials lists 150,000 civilian dead due to Japanese occupation.
  32. ^  All deaths were from volunteer soldiers in Germany Army
  33. ^  Sources: Andreev, EM, et al, NASELENIE SOVETSKOGO SOIUZA, 1922-1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. and Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Ludskie Poteri, SSSR 1995. Data presented here is for USSR in 1939 borders. Losses in territories annexed by USSR are included in totals of the Baltic states, Poland and Romania. Deaths in the USSR exceeded the pre war level by 26,600,000 from 1941-45. 3,400,000 of these dead were in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939-40, in this table they are not included with USSR losses nor are the 200,000 Soviet war dead in German formations. The official total of military dead from 1941-45 is 8.6 million This does not include men called up in 1941 but not registered by the High Command, militia and partisan losses. Source: G. I. Kirosheev in his Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. This source estimates 500,000 military dead in addition to the official total of 8.6 million but not including paramilitary and partisan losses. Civilian losses are poorly documented and may include victims of Soviet as well as Nazi repression. Civilian losses include 900,000 Jews. A recent Russian source has given detail of losses in each Soviet Republic. V. Erlikman, Poteri Narodonaseleniya V 20 Veke: Moscow 2004. Erlikman lists a total of 26.5 million war related deaths plus 1.7 million victims of Soviet repression. Military loss are given as 8.0 million plus 2.6 million POW dead. These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR including territories annexed in 1939-40
  34. ^  Military losses include 8,000 from the colonies, mostly Africans. Civilian losses include 60,000 killed in air attacks and 33,000 merchant mariners.
  35. ^  Civilian losses were 5,500 merchant mariners( some sources cite 9,000) and 1,500 American civilians interned in Axis countries.
  36. ^  The US Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954, The Population of Yugoslavia, that concluded that war related losses were about 1.1 million. A recent study, Yugoslavia manipulations with the number Second World War victims, - Vladimir Zerjavic, 1993, lists total war related losses as 1,027,000. Total Jewish losses in Yugoslavia were 70,000 including Macedonia which was under Bulgarian occupation.


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