Xenarthra

From Freepedia

? Xenarthra
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Subkingdom: Metazoa Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Xenarthra Cope, 1889
Families
Myrmecophagidae Megalonychidae Bradypodidae Dasypodidae

The order Xenarthra is a group of placental mammals, extant today only in the Americas. The origins of the order can be traced back as far as the early Tertiary (about 60 million years ago, or only a short time after the end of the dinosaur era). The presence of these animals in North America is explained by the Great American Interchange.

It includes the anteaters, sloths, and armadillos. In the past, these families were classified together with the pangolins and Aardvark as the order Edentata (meaning toothless, because the members do not have front incisor teeth or molars, or have poorly-developed molars). It was subsequently realized that Edentata was polyphyletic—that it contained unrelated families and was thus invalid. Aardvarks and pangolins are now placed in individual orders, and the new order Xenarthra was erected to group the remaining families (which are all related). The name Xenarthra means "strange joints", and was chosen because their vertebral joints are unlike those of any other mammals. Because they lack characters believed to be present in the common ancestor of other known Eutherian mammals, morphological evidence suggests that the Xenarthra are outside the Epitheria, which contains all other known Eutherians today.

The morphology of Xenarthrans generally suggests that the anteaters and sloths are closest together within Xenarthra. The order Xenarthra is more and more often divided into two orders: Pilosa, containing the Vermilingua and Tardigrada, and the seperate order Cingulata. The Xenarthra now has the rank of cohort or super-order. The Xenarthra are part of the super-cohort Atlantogenata.

• ORDER XENARTHRA
  • Suborder Vermilingua
    • Family Myrmecophagidae: anteaters
      • Silky Anteater, Cyclopes didactylus
      • Giant Anteater, Myrmecophaga tridactyla
      • Northern Tamandua, Tamandua mexicana
      • Southern Tamandua, Tamandua tetradactyla
  • Suborder Tardigrada
    • Family Bradypodidae: three toed sloths
      • Brown-throated Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus variegatus
      • Pale-throated Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus tridactylus
      • Maned Three-toed Sloth, Bradypus torquatus
    • Family Megalonychidae: two toed sloths
      • Hoffman's Two-toed Sloth, Choloepus hoffmanni
      • Southern Two-toed Sloth, Choloepus didactylus
      • Ground sloth, Megalonyx jeffersonii (extinct)
    • Family Megatheriidae (extinct)
      • Giant ground sloth, Eremotherium laurillardi
    • Family Mylodontidae (extinct)
  • Suborder Cingulata
    • Family Pampatheriidae
      • Holmesina septrionalis
    • Family Glyptodontidae (extinct)
      • Glyptotherium arizonae
    • Family Dasypodidae: armadillos
      • About 20 species in 8 genera, not listed here.

Mammals
Monotremata
Placentalia: Xenarthra | Dermoptera | Desmostylia | Scandentia | Primates | Rodentia | Lagomorpha | Insectivora | Chiroptera | Pholidota | Carnivora | Perissodactyla | Artiodactyla | Cetacea | Afrosoricida | Macroscelidea | Tubulidentata | Hyracoidea | Proboscidea | Sirenia
Marsupialia: Didelphimorphia | Paucituberculata | Microbiotheria | Dasyuromorphia | Peramelemorphia | Notoryctemorphia | Diprotodontia